Introduction to C

Programming

Introduction
 Books

The Waite Groups Turbo C Programming for PC,

Robert Lafore, SAMS

C How to Program, H.M. Deitel, P.J. Deitel,

Prentice Hall
 What is C?
C
A language written by Brian Kernighan
and Dennis Ritchie. This was to be the
language that UNIX was written in to
become the first "portable" language

In recent years C has been used as a general-

purpose language because of its popularity with
programmers.
 Why use C?
Mainly because it produces code that runs nearly as fast
as code written in assembly language. Some examples
of the use of C might be:
Operating Systems
Language Compilers
Assemblers
Text Editors
Print Spoolers
Network Drivers
Modern Programs
Data Bases
Language Interpreters
Utilities

Mainly because of the portability that writing standard C programs can

offer
 History
In 1972 Dennis Ritchie at Bell Labs writes C and in
1978 the publication of The C Programming Language
by Kernighan & Ritchie caused a revolution in the
computing world

In 1983, the American National Standards Institute

(ANSI) established a committee to provide a modern,
comprehensive definition of C. The resulting definition,
the ANSI standard, or "ANSI C", was completed late
1988.
 Why C Still Useful?
C provides:
Efficiency, high performance and high quality s/ws
flexibility and power
many high-level and low-level operations middle level
Stability and small size code
Provide functionality through rich set of function libraries
Gateway for other professional languages like C C++ Java

C is used:
System software Compilers, Editors, embedded systems
data compression, graphics and computational geometry, utility
programs
databases, operating systems, device drivers, system level
routines
there are zillions of lines of C legacy code
Also used in application programs
 Software Development Method
Requirement Specification
Problem Definition
Analysis
Refine, Generalize, Decompose the problem definition
Design
Develop Algorithm
Implementation
Write Code
Verification and Testing
Test and Debug the code
 Development with C
Four stages
Editing: Writing the source code by using some IDE or editor
Preprocessing or libraries: Already available routines
compiling: translates or converts source to object code for a specific
platform source code -> object code
linking: resolves external references and produces the executable
module

Portable programs will run on any machine but..

Note! Program correctness and robustness are most important

than program efficiency
 Programming languages
Various programming languages
Some understandable directly by computers
Others require translation steps
Machine language
Natural language of a particular computer
Consists of strings of numbers(1s, 0s)
Instruct computer to perform elementary
operations one at a time
Machine dependant
 Programming languages
Assembly Language

English like abbreviations

Translators programs called Assemblers to convert

assembly language programs to machine language.

E.g. add overtime to base pay and store result in gross

pay

LOAD BASEPAY

ADD OVERPAY

STORE GROSSPAY
 Programming languages
High-level languages

To speed up programming even further

Single statements for accomplishing substantial tasks
Translator programs called Compilers to convert
high-level programs into machine language

E.g. add overtime to base pay and store result in

gross pay
grossPay = basePay + overtimePay
 History of C
Evolved from two previous languages
BCPL , B
BCPL (Basic Combined Programming Language) used
for writing OS & compilers
B used for creating early versions of UNIX OS
Both were typeless languages
C language evolved from B (Dennis Ritchie Bell labs)

** Typeless no datatypes. Every data item occupied 1 word in memory.

 History of C
Hardware independent
Programs portable to most computers
Dialects of C
Common C
ANSI C
ANSI/ ISO 9899: 1990
Called American National Standards Institute ANSI C
Case-sensitive
 C Standard Library
Two parts to learning the C world
Learn C itself
Take advantage of rich collection of existing functions
called C Standard Library
Avoid reinventing the wheel
SW reusability
 Basics of C Environment
C systems consist of 3 parts
Environment
Language
C Standard Library
Development environment has 6 phases
Edit
Pre-processor
Compile
Link
Load
Execute
 Basics of C Environment
Program edited in
Phase 1 Editor Disk Editor and stored
on disk
Preprocessor
Phase 2 Preprocessor Disk program processes
the code
Creates object code
Phase 3 Compiler Disk and stores on disk

Links object code

Phase 4 Linker Disk with libraries and
stores on disk
 Basics of C Environment

Primary memory
Puts program in
Phase 5 Loader memory

Primary memory
Takes each instruction
Phase 6 CPU and executes it storing
new data values
 Simple C Program
/* A first C Program*/

#include <stdio.h>

void main()

{
printf("Hello World \n");

}
 Simple C Program
Line 1: #include <stdio.h>

As part of compilation, the C compiler runs a program

called the C preprocessor. The preprocessor is able to
add and remove code from your source file.
In this case, the directive #include tells the
preprocessor to include code from the file stdio.h.
This file contains declarations for functions that the
program needs to use. A declaration for the printf
function is in this file.
 Simple C Program
Line 2: void main()

This statement declares the main function.

A C program can contain many functions but must
always have one main function.
A function is a self-contained module of code that can
accomplish some task.
Functions are examined later.
The "void" specifies the return type of main. In this case,
nothing is returned to the operating system.
 Simple C Program
Line 3: {

This opening bracket denotes the start of the program.

 Simple C Program
Line 4: printf("Hello World From About\n");

Printf is a function from a standard C library that is used

to print strings to the standard output, normally your
screen.
The compiler links code from these standard libraries to
the code you have written to produce the final
executable.
The "\n" is a special format modifier that tells the printf
to put a line feed at the end of the line.
If there were another printf in this program, its string
would print on the next line.
 Simple C Program
Line 5: }
This closing bracket denotes the end of the program.
 Escape Sequence
\n new line
\t tab
\r carriage return
\a alert
\\ backslash
\ double quote
 Memory concepts
Every variable has a name, type and value
Variable names correspond to locations in computer
memory
New value over-writes the previous value Destructive
read-in
Value reading called Non-destructive read-out
 Arithmetic in C
C operation Algebraic C
Addition(+) f+7 f+7
Subtraction (-) p-c p-c
Multiplication(*) bm b*m
Division(/) x/y, x , x y x/y
Modulus(%) r mod s r%s
 Precedence order
Highest to lowest
()
*, /, %
+, -
 Example
Algebra:
z = pr%q+w/x-y

C:
z = p * r % q + w / x y ;

Precedence:
1 2 4 3 5
 Example
Algebra:
a(b+c)+ c(d+e)

C:
a * ( b + c ) + c * ( d + e ) ;

Precedence:
3 1 5 4 2
 Decision Making
Checking falsity or truth of a statement
Equality operators have lower precedence than
relational operators
Relational operators have same precedence
Both associate from left to right
 Decision Making
Equality operators
==
!=
Relational operators
<
>
<=
>=
Summary of precedence order
Operator Associativity

() left to right
* / % left to right
+ - left to right
< <= > >= left to right
== != left to right
= left to right
 Assignment operators
=
+=
-=
*=
/=
%=
Increment/ decrement operators
++ ++a
++ a++
-- --a
-- a--
Increment/ decrement operators
main()
{
int c;
c = 5;
5
printf(%d\n, c); 5
printf(%d\n, c++); 6
printf(%d\n\n, c);

c = 5;
printf(%d\n, c); 5
6
printf(%d\n, ++c); 6
printf(%d\n, c);

return 0;
}
 Thank You
Thank You