CASE STUDY

ON
SOFTWARE ENGINEERING
TOPIC:ONLINE RAILWAY RESERVATION SYSTEM

SUBMITTED BY:
SHRUTI DHARMADHIKARI-06
TEJAL JADHAV-16

DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

V.G.VAZE COLLEGE OF SCIENCE
MITHAGAR RD,MULUND(E)
MUMBAI 400081
DATE OF SUBMISSION:
24TH FEB 2010
WHAT IS SOFTWARE
ENGINEERING?
Software engineering is a layered technology. The bedrock that
supports software engineering is a quality focus. The foundation for software
engineering is the process layer. Software engineering process is the glue
that holds the technology layers together and enables rational and timely
development of the computer software.
Software engineering methods provide the technical how tos for
building software. Methods encompass a broad array of tasks that include
communication, requirements analysis, design , modeling, program
construction, testing and support.
Software engineering methods rely on a set of basic principles that
govern each area of the technology and include modeling activities and other
descriptive techniques.
INTRODUCTION TO THE RAILWAY
RESERVATION SYSTEM:
The Indian Railways (IR) carries about 5.5 lakhs passengers
in reserved accomodation every day.The Computerised Passenger
Reservation System(PRS) facilates the booking and cancellation of
tickets from any of the 4000 terminals(i.e. PRS bookin window all over
the countries). These tickets can be booked or cancelled for journeys
commencin in any part of India and ending in any other part, with travel
time as long as 72hours and distance upto several thousand kilometers.
The project of PRS was launched on 15th November 1985, over
Northern Railway with the installation of Integrated Multiple Train
Passenger Reservation System(IMPRESS), an online transaction
processing system developed by Indian Railways in association with
Computer Maintenance Corporation Ltd., at New Delhi. The objective
was to provide reserved accomodations on any train from any
counter,preparation of train charts and accounting of the money collected.
The application was implemented in 1987
Mumbai,Chennai,Kolkata,Secunderabad subsequently.
 RAILWAY RESERVATION
METHODS:
ONLINE BOOKING: With the help of this
people can book their tickets online through internet,
sitting in their home by a single click of mouse. Using
their credit cards people can easily get their tickets done
within minutes. There are certain charges for online
booking as well.
COUNTER BOOKING: This is the oldest
method of booking the tickets. The reservation counters
are there at railway department from where people can
get the tickets to their respective destinations.
 PROBLEM DEFINITION:
Railway passengers frequently need to know about their
ticket reservation status, ticket availability on a particular
train or for a place,train arrival or departure details,
special trains etc.. Customer information centers at the
railway stations are unable to serve such queries at
peak periods.
The number of the reservation counters available to the
passengers and customers are very less.
On most of the reservation systems there are long
queues, so it takes a long time for any individual to book
the ticket.
As now there are no call centers facilities available to
solve the queries of the passengers.
ANALYSIS:
1. In Online Railway Reservation System,for booking the tickets
online the intended user has to enter details like username and
password.
2. Once the username and passwords are verified then he is
allowed to enter the main system wherein he can select the
destination, date and no of tickets.
3. For the purchase of the tickets he is asked for payment details
(like credit card details etc).
4. The user is also provided with a provision of canceling the
reservation where in the entire amount is credited back to his
account.
The analysis part also comprises of the UML diagrams
that boost the program.
SPIRAL MODEL DIAGRAM:
 THE SPIRAL MODEL:
The spiral model, originally proposed by Boehm [BOE88], is an
evolutionary software process model that couples the iterative nature of
prototyping with the controlled and systematic aspects of the linear sequential
model.
It provides the potential for rapid development of incremental versions
of the software. Using the spiral model, software is developed in a series of
incremental releases.

During early iterations, the incremental release might be a paper model

or prototype. During later iterations,increasingly more complete versions of the
engineered system are produced.

A spiral model is divided into a number of framework activities, also

called task regions.Typically, there are between three and six task regions.
Figure depicts a spiral model that contains six task regions:

Customer communicationtasks required to establish effective

communication between developer and customer.

Planningtasks required to define resources, timelines, and other project

related information.

Risk analysistasks required to assess both technical and management

risks.

Engineeringtasks required to build one or more representations of the

application.

Construction and releasetasks required to construct, test, install, and

provide user support (e.g., documentation and training).

Customer evaluationtasks required to obtain customer feedback based

on evaluation of the software representations created during the engineering
stage and implemented during the installation stage.
 USE OF SPIRAL MODEL
A spiral model is divided into a set of framework activities
defined by software engineering terms.
As the evolutionary process begins, software team performs
activities that are implied by a circuit around the spiral in a
clockwise direction, beginning at the center.
The first circuit around the spiral might result in the
development of a product specification; subsequent passes
around the spiral might be used to develop a prototype and
then progressively more sophisticated versions of software.
Unlike other process models that end when software is
delivered, the spiral model can be adapted to apply
throughout the life of the computer software.
Every new step is dependent on the previous step and moves
spirally outwards.
At any point in the system we can return back to the previous
step.
Because software evolves as the process progresses, both we
and customers can better understand and react to the risks at
evolutionary level.
In the case of errors we can easily trace the root cause of
errors.
Spiral model is very realistic approach towards the process
development.
CLASS DIAGRAM:

class a

private:
int c, n, a, i, s;
char id[50];
char pasw[50];
char date[10];
char d1[15], d2[15];

public:
getLogin();
train();
USE CASE DIAGRAM:

Enter user id and password

verify password and user id

system

Make a reservation
user

Verify payments

Update reservations

cancellation of reservation administrator

SEQUENCE DIAGRAM:

:User :System :Administrator

Log in

{verify user}
Secure communication

Enter date {verify date}

Request confirmation
Enter desired destination

Choose desired express

Enter the no of tickets

Request confirmation {verify funds}

Confirm purchase
Place order
{execute order}
 Verify credit cards
detail

(invalid)

(success)

Debit
account Send
invalid
Send
notice
confirmation
Settle
transaction

ACTIVITY Close
transaction

DIAGRAM
Online reservation system STATE TRANSITION DIAGRAM

Enter user id and password

invalid

Make reservation

Confirm reservation

For cancellation
Cancellation of reservation Make payments

exit
0 LEVEL DFD DIAGRAM:

Transaction
User website
Process
1 LEVEL DFD DIAGRAM:
Enter userid and
password

verify userid and password

Enter date

Enter no of Online train

tickets
reservation
Check for the
Enter express name system availability of date

Make
purchases
TESTING:
Software testing is a critical element of software quality assurance and
represents the ultimate review of specification, design, and code
generation.
The types of the testing are as follows:
1. Unit testing
2. System testing
3. Validation testing and etc etc.

But however due to the time constraint we could not perform various
types of testing. Hence we just applied alpha testing which is a part of
validation test to our project.
CONCLUSIONS:
Our project is only the gist of the online reservation system.
Due to time constraints it was not possible to incorporate all the
concepts related to the topic.
So the program created is just an instance of the Original Online
Railway Reservation System.
REFERENCES:
Programming with C++ by Balagurusamy.
Software Engineering, A Practitioners Approach, by Roger
Pressman.
Object oriented modeling and design with UML by Michael
Blaha and James Rumbaugh.