Construction Materials & Testing

Group 1/ Monday, 7am9am

 Wood is that fibrous substance which
composes the trunk and branches of a tree
that lies between the pitch and the bark.
Wood is also known as Xylem.
 Strong material
Durable
Light in weight
Ease of working and fastening
With artistic and natural beauty
HARDWOOD
Comes from angiosperm trees; usually
broadleaved. Has vessel element that
transport water throughout the wood.
 OAK
- Oak is heavy, strong, light coloured
hardwood. It is ring porous, due to the fact
that more and larger conductive vessels are
laid down early in the summer, rather than
later.
 MAPLE
- Maple is so hard and resistant to shocks that
it is often used for bowling alley floors. Its
diffuse evenly sized pores give the wood a fine
texture and even grain.
 MAHOGANY
- Mahogany is strong, with a uniform pore
structure and poorly defined annual rings. Has
a reddish brown color and may display stripe,
ribbon, broken stripe, rope, ripple, mottle,
fiddleback or blister figures.
 CHERRY
- Moderately hard, strong, closed grain, light
to red-brown wood, cherry resists warping and
checking and is easy to carve and polish.
 WALNUT
- Walnut is strong, hard and durable, without
being excessively heavy. It has excellent
woodworking qualities and takes finishes well.
 ROSEWOOD
- Very hard and has a dark reddish-brown
color. It is fragrant and close grained. It is hard
to work and takes high polish.
 TEAK
-Birch is a hard, heavy, close grained
hardwood with a light brown or reddish
colored heartwood and cream or light
sapwood.
 BEECH
- Beech is a hard, strong, heavy wood with tiny
pores and large conspicuous medullary rays,
similar in appearance to Maple.
 ALDER
- Although classified as a hardwood, Alder is
one of the softest of all hardwoods and is more
commonly reffered to as a semi-hardwood.
Alder has a light brown color with subtle grain
patterns that are straighter than other
hardwoods.
 HICKORY
- One of the heaviest and hardest woods
available. Used for structural parts, especially
where strength and thinness are required.
SOFTWOOD
Comes from gymnosperm trees which usually
have needles and cones. Medullary rays and
tracheids transport water and produce sap.
 PINE
- Pine is a soft, white or pale yellow wood
which is light weight, straight grained and
lacks figures,. It resists shrinkling and swelling.
 CEDAR
- Cedar is a knotty softwood which has a red-
brown color with light streaks. Its aromatic and
moth repellent qualities have made it a popular
wood for lining drawers and boxes.
 REDWOOD
- They are rare and valuable. The best quality
redwood comes from the heartwood which is
resistant to deterioration due to sunlight,
moisture and insects.
 SPRUCE
- Strong and hard. Finishes well and has low
resistance to decay. Has moderate shrinkage
and light in weight.
 CYPRESS
- One of the best types of wood for outdoor
construction projects because it does not rot,
even when exposed to the wettest
environments.
 FIR
- Works easy and finishes well. Uniform in
texture and nonresinous. Has low resistance to
decay. Commonly used in window and door
panels and furniture.
 KAMAGONG
- Also known as Philippine Ebony. With a black
heartwood (inner region) and grey sapwood.
The grain is often greyish and has strong, dark
brown streaks.
 MOLAVE
- One of the hardest local woods, molave has
a fine texture that makes it smooth to the
touch. Its available in pale yellow to pinkish-
brownish tone with a lighter sapwood (outer
region), and mostly straight grain.
 NARRA
- Very popular tropical wood and has tones tat
range from yellow to red. The grain is often
interlocked wavy, which creates interesting
flame and ribbon figures when quartersawn or
flat sawn that makes it a beautiful finishing
material.
 TANGUILE
- A moderately hard reddish wood, this
abundant wood typr boasts of fine ribbon or
straight grain. Its relatively soft and easy to
work on, but resilient enough for outdoor
construction.
 YAKAL
- This resinous wood with yellow to golden-
red tones is another local mahogany type. A
high-grade timber, yakal can tolerate harsh hot
and cold weathers.
 TOOG
- Philippine Rosewood or Toog is a natural
species which is currently no longer being
harvested. But, it is a very durable species used
for decking, flooring, furniture and gift items.
 COCONUT TIMBER
- It is a hardwood-substitute from coconut
palm trees. Referred to as Coco Lumber here in
Philippines. It is a new timber resource that
comes from plantation crops and offers an
alternative to rainforest lumber.
 PALOCHINA
- Palochina is being used as a generic term for
softwood coming from coniferous trees.
Palochina wood mostly comes from a Benguet
Pine Tree and are quite light and soft.