Professional Documents
Culture Documents
C. Klauber, M. Grfe and G. Power, Bauxite Residue Issues: II. Options for
residue utilization Hydrometallurgy 108 (2011) 11-32.
M. Grfe and C. Klauber, Bauxite Residue Issues: IV. Old obstacles and new
pathways for in situ residue bioremediation. Hydrometallurgy 108 (2011) 46-
59.
Klauber et al, "Bauxite residue utilization and the lack thereof" - ICSOBA October 17th-19th 2011 - Goa, India
2.7 billion tonnes in storage.
Klauber et al, "Bauxite residue utilization and the lack thereof" - ICSOBA October 17th-19th 2011 - Goa, India
Some 700+ patents.
Klauber et al, "Bauxite residue utilization and the lack thereof" - ICSOBA October 17th-19th 2011 - Goa, India
A wide variety of patent categories.
Klauber et al, "Bauxite residue utilization and the lack thereof" - ICSOBA October 17th-19th 2011 - Goa, India
No large scale utilization why?
Klauber et al, "Bauxite residue utilization and the lack thereof" - ICSOBA October 17th-19th 2011 - Goa, India
Metallurgical view implies intrinsic value
Pursuit of recoverable
value, e.g. Fe2O3 or
TiO2 is intensive (capex
and energy) and may
not lead to zero waste
Klauber et al, "Bauxite residue utilization and the lack thereof" - ICSOBA October 17th-19th 2011 - Goa, India
Mineralogical view highlights the difficulty
Transforming or
adapting the existing
mineralogy to another
use is the most logical
path forward
Klauber et al, "Bauxite residue utilization and the lack thereof" - ICSOBA October 17th-19th 2011 - Goa, India
Regional context: capability and market
Klauber et al, "Bauxite residue utilization and the lack thereof" - ICSOBA October 17th-19th 2011 - Goa, India
Regional context: capability and market
For example:
Residue needs to be transformed for use, this requires:
Changes in refinery red mud practice(s)
Regional industry to finish the transformation
Klauber et al, "Bauxite residue utilization and the lack thereof" - ICSOBA October 17th-19th 2011 - Goa, India
Best options for regional utilization
Construction
Portland cement extender
Sand replacement
Bricks and blocks
Key questions:
Geopolymers
Agronomic (soil amendment) high volume?
Liming low risk?
Phosphorus lock-up low cost?
Environmental
Effluent treatment
Acid mine drainage/acid sulphate soils
Klauber et al, "Bauxite residue utilization and the lack thereof" - ICSOBA October 17th-19th 2011 - Goa, India
Best options in the absence of utilization
Conventional closure
Continuous management residue
(high risk, high $, unknown T)
Bioremediation
Walk away option soil
(low risk, low $, low T)
Klauber et al, "Bauxite residue utilization and the lack thereof" - ICSOBA October 17th-19th 2011 - Goa, India
Minerals Down Under
Dr. Peter Smith
Principal Bayer Technologist
Thank you
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