HIGH-RISE BUILDINGS

Presented by
Muhammad Sulman Sarwar 2008-CIVIL-23
Kaleem ullah 2008-CIVIL-17
Mehmood Munawar 2008-CIVIL-19
Usman Bhatti 2008-CIVIL-45
Definition

A high-rise Building as defined by Emporis Data

Community is

A building 35 meters or greater in height, which is

divided at regular intervals into occupiable levels.
What are High-Rise Building ?
There is no consensus on what constitutes a tall building or at what
magic height, number of stories, or proportion a building can be
called tall.
A dividing line should be drawn where the design of the structure
moves from the field of statics into the field of structural dynamics.
From structural point of view, a building is considered as tall when its
structural analyses and design are affected by the lateral loads,
particularly sway caused by such loads. Under wind load the
overturning moment at the base of a building varies in proportion to
the square of the height of the building, and lateral deflection
varies as the fourth power of the height of the building, others things
being the equal.
Design Considerations
There are three major factors to consider in the design of all
structures:
Strength
rigidity and
stability
As height increases, the rigidity and stability requirements
become more important, and they are often the dominant
factors in the design. So
the size of the members may be increased
beyond and above the strength requirements.
change the form of the structure into something
more rigid and stable to confine the deformation
and increase stability.
Design Considerations
P- effect, in which the eccentricity of the gravity load
increases to such a magnitude that it brings about the
collapse of the columns as a result of axial loads.
Therefore, an important stability criterion is to assure
that predicted wind loads should be below the load
corresponding to the stability limit.
The second consideration is to limit the lateral deflection
to a level that will ensure that architectural finishes and
partitions are not damaged.
Material Requirements
In general, for high-rise buildings the resistance to
overturning moment and lateral deflection will almost
always require additional material over and above
that required for gravity load alone.
The material required for floor framing is a function of
the column-to-column span and not the building height.
However, the material required for the vertical system,
such as columns and walls, in high-rise structure is
substantially more than that of a low-rise building.
Material Requirements
The material increases in the ratio (n + 1) / 2, where n is the
number of floors, because the vertical components carrying the
gravity loads will need to be strengthened for the full height
of the building, requiring more vertical steel than a one-story
structure having the same floor area.
For example in a steel building using rigid frame action, the
total weight of approximately 117 kg/m2 of structural steel is
split evenly at about 39 kg/m2 for each of the three
subsystems, namely,
-floor framing,
-gravity columns, and
-wind bracing system.
Average Weight per unit floor Area is
decreasing
Historically, the unit weight of structural framing
members in term of, say, average weight per unit
floor area appears to be progressively decreasing
over the years.
For example, a survey of tall building built in the
period 1950 1990 will verify that in this period it
was possible to build a 100-story building with
perhaps no more than 147 kg/m2 of steel as
compared to the 205 kg/m2 of steel used for the
Empire State Building in the 1930s.
Reasons for gradual decrease in
weight per unit area of Building
1. Innovative design concepts. Structural engineers are continually
seeking better and more efficient methods of resisting the
lateral loads.
-Increase the effective width of subsystems to resist the overturning moment.
-Design systems such that the components interact in the most efficient manner.
-Use interior or exterior bracing for the full width of the building.
2. Use of high-strength low-alloy steels. Today it is a common
practice to use 345 MPa steel in most composite floor framing
systems, gravity columns, and not too infrequently in lateral-
load-resisting elements.
3. Increased use of welding as compared to bolting, which effects
a saving in the range of 8 to 15 percent in the weight of steel.
Reasons for this gradual decrease in
weight of Building
4. Increased use of composite construction.
5. Application of computers to both the design and
the analytical processes.
6. Gradual increase in the allowable stresses in the
materials based on research and successful past
performance.
7. A reduction in the weight of other construction
materials, like partition and curtain walls.
Factors for Reduction of Reinforcement
and Concrete in concrete construction
1. New framing techniques, such as skip joist construction
in which every other joist is eliminated, have caught on
in high-rise construction with a consequent reduction in
the weight of structural frame.
2. Increased use of mechanical couplers in reinforcement
for transferring both compression and tensile forces.
3. Use of welded cage for column ties, beam stirrups, etc.,
which reduces the amount of reinforcement steel.
4. Use of high strength concrete; 40 MPa is quite common,
and strengths up to 70MPa are being specified on
vertical components of high-rises.
Factors for Reduction of Reinforcement
and Concrete in concrete construction
5. Use of lightweight aggregate typically reduces 50 to
100 kg/m2 in the dead load of the structure, resulting
in savings of approximately 10 to 15 percent in the
reinforcement requirement.
6. Most codes do not require as great a thickness of slabs
when structural lightweight concrete is used. Typically a
thickness of 12 mm of concrete can be taken off from
floor slabs without reducing the fire rating.
7. Use of 520 MPa steel reinforcement.
8. Use of the state-of-the-art design methods.
Reasons of construction of High-rise
Buildings
Computer aided Analysis and Design has made it
an easy job to design high-rise Buildings.
Increase in land values.
-Except in the Holy Makah where the land is rare and is
extremely expensive especially near the Holy Mosque,
where a square Meter could reach the rate of about 40000
USD near in Makah.(3500 USD per Square Foot)
Higher density of population.
Characteristics of a successful Building
1. Create a friendly and inviting image that has positive values
to building owners ,users , and observers.
2. Fit the site, providing proper approaches to the plaza with
a layout congenial for people to live, work and play.
3. Be energy efficient, providing space with controllable
climate for its users.
4. For office buildings, allow flexibilities in office layout with
easily divisible spaces.
5. Most spaces oriented to provide best views.
6. Most of all, the building must make economic sense, without
which none of the modern high-rise development would be a
reality.
 List of Top 10 High-Rise Buildings
# Building City Floors Height Year
1 Burj Khalifa Dubai 163 828 m 2010
2 Makkah Clock Royal Tower Makkah 95 601 m 2012
[Abraj Al Bait]
3 Taipei 101 Taipei 101 509 m 2004
4 Shanghai World Financial Center Shanghai 101 492 m 2008

5 International Commerce Centre Hong Kong 118 484 m 2010

[Union Square]
6 Petronas Tower 1 KualaLumpur 88 452 m 1998
[Petronas Towers]
7 Petronas Tower 2 KualaLumpur 88 452 m 1998
[Petronas Towers]
8 Nanjing Greenland Financial Nanjing 66 450 m 2010
Center
9 Willis Tower Chicago 108 442 m 1974
10 Kingkey Finance Tower Shenzhen 100 442 m 2011
 Completed High Rise-Buildings in
Pakistan
Sr # Name City Height Floors Year

1 Ocean Towers (formerly Sofitel) Karachi 120 m 394 ft 30 2012

2 MCB Tower Karachi 116 m 381 ft 29 2005

3 Telecom Tower Islamabad 113 m 371 ft 24 2011

4 The Centaurus Tower 1 Islamabad 114m 375 ft 32 2012

5 The Centaurus Tower 2 Islamabad 110m 361 ft 32 2012

6 The Centaurus Tower 3 Islamabad 110m 361 ft 32 2012

7 Arfa Software Technology Park Lahore 106 m 348 ft 19 2011

8 Dolmen City Karachi 102 m 335 ft 21 2011

10 Habib Bank Plaza Karachi 101 m 331 ft 22 1963
11 Chapal Plaza Karachi 101 m 331 ft 22 1985
 Under Construction High-Rise Buildings
in Pakistan
Sr # Name City Height Floors Year
1 Bahria Icon Tower Karachi 320 m 853 ft 70 & 30 2014

2 Grand Hyatt Islamabad 217 m 712 ft 47 2011

3 The Centaurs Hotel Islamabad 200 m 657 ft 41 2014

4 IT Tower Karachi 183 m 600 ft 47 2012

5 World Trade Center Islamabad Islamabad 175 m 574 ft 45 2014

6 Dolmen City Office Tower 1 Karachi 150 m 492 ft 40 2012

7 Centre Point Tower Karachi 150 m 492 ft 28 2012

8 Alamgir Tower Lahore 137 m 449 ft 31 2012

9 KASB Altitude Karachi 130 m 427 ft 32 2014

10 Centaurs Corporate Tower Islamabad 110m 361 ft 25 2012
 Approved and Proposed High Rise
Buildings in Pakistan
Sr # Name City Height Floors Year
1 Karachi Port Tower Karachi 593 m 1947 ft 117 2015
2 KPT Twin Tower Karachi 352 m 1155 ft 78 2015
Pearl Continental
3 Lahore 150 m 492 ft 40 2015
Tower
4 Expo Hotel Lahore 150 m 492 ft 19 2015
5 Kohinoor Heights Faisalabad 150 m 492 ft 28 2013
6 Sign Tower Karachi 46 2015
7 Bahria Twin Towers Rawalpindi 38 2015
8 Creek Towers Karachi 30 2015
9 Avari Extension Karachi 30 2015
10 UBL Tower Karachi 60 2015
11 Marvida Tower Faisalabad 135 m 440 ft 25 2011
 Makkah Clock
Burj khalifa
Royal Tower
Taipei 101
International Petronas Towers
Commerce Centre
Nanjing Greenland Financial Center
Wills Tower Kingkey Finance
Tower
Thank you...