CRACKS

CORRISION
SETTLEMENTS

SUBMITTED BY :
ASHMEET SINGH
B.ARCH
4TH YEAR
 CLASSIFICATION OF CRACKS

Structural crack Non structural crack

Incorrect design Internal induced stress in

Faulty construction building material
Overloading
 Non Structural Crack
Penetration of moisture through crack
Weathering action
Result in corrosion of reinforcement
Structure become unsafe (structural crack)
 CLASSIFICATION OF CRACKS
(BASED ON WIDTH)
Type Width
Thin < 1 mm
Medium 1-2 mm
Wide > 2 mm
 COMMON SIGHT OF CRACK

Vertical Straight Uniform

Horizontal Toothed throughout
Diagonal Stepped Narrow at one
Map pattern end and gradually
widening at the
Random other
INTERNAL STRESS IN BUILDING
COMPONENT
Compressive
Tensile
Shear
Building material
1. Masonry, Concrete, Mortar
2. Weak in tension/shear
3. Causing tension/shear crack
 PRESENT TREND IN
CONSTRUCTION

Modern Structure
-Tall, slender, thin wall
-Designed for higher stress
-Constructed at fast pace
More crack prone
 CAUSE OF CRACKS IN BUILDINGS

Moisture change
Thermal variation
Elastic deformation
Creep
Chemical reaction
Foundation movement and settlement of soil
Vegetation
 MOISTURE MOVEMENT

Reversible Movement
-Material expands on absorbing moisture content
-Shrinks on drying
Irreversible movement
- Material undergo some irreversible movement due to initial moisture
change
TYPES AND
CAUSES OF
CRACKS IN
CONCRETE
Before hardening
Drying
-Plastic shrinkage
-Settlement shrinkage
-Bleeding
-Delayed curing
 Constructional
-Formwork movement
-Excess vibration
-Subgrade settlement
-Finishing
Early frost damage
 After hardening
Unsound material
Long term drying shrinkage
Thermal
Moisture movement
Biological
Structural design deficiencies
Chemical
Corrosion of reinforcement
 PLASTIC SHRINKAGE CRACKS

Concrete surface loses water faster than the bleeding action brings it to top
Quick drying of concrete at the surface results in shrinkage
Concrete at the plastic state can not resist tension
Crack Depth 5 to 10 cm, width 3 mm
Once developed difficult to rectify
 MEASURE TO REDUCE PLASTIC
CRACK

Moisture the sub grade and form work

Erect the temporary wind breaker
Erect the temporary roof to protect green concrete from hot sun
Reduce the time between placing & finishing
In case of delay in finishing cover the concrete with polythene
 SETTLEMENT SHRINKAGE

If concrete is free to settle uniformly, no crack occurs

Obstruction to uniform settlement creates voids/cracks
(Reinforcement/Aggregate)
Settlement crack (common in deep beam)
 MEASURE

Pouring of concrete in layers with proper compaction

Revibration, if possible
 BLEEDING

Upward movement of water when concrete settle downs

Internal bleeding
-Bleeding water trapped below reinforcement &
aggregate
- Affects bonds between reinforcement and concrete
-Interface, prone to micro cracking
-Weak link in concrete
-Further loading propagate cracking
 External Bleeding
-Upward movement of water emerged at top surface
-After evaporation : surface Porous and abrasion resistance very little.
 GENERAL OBSERVATIONS

Mason floats concrete when bleeding water still

standing.
Results
- Downward movement of coarse aggregate
-Upward movement of fine particles (cement and water)
Top surface
-Presence of fine materials develops crack and craziness
(Craziness: occurrence of closely spaced crack at
surface)
 DELAYED CURING

Common practice
-Delayed curing
-Interruption in continuous curing
-Curing not done for required period
Major cause for shrinkage
Minimum 7 to 10 days curing required
 CONSTRUCTIONAL EFFECTS

Crack/Deformation of plastic concrete (After Compaction)

-Lack of rigidity of formwork (Remains unnoticed)
-Use of high consistency concrete (present trend)
: Pumping requirement, Use of superplasticizer
-Avoid segregation by proper vibration
Segregated Concrete Mix- Exhibits high shrinkage crack
FOUNDATION SETTLEMENT
CRACK DUE TO VEGETATION
CORROSION
Virtually no practical and engineering material is stable. The rate
of decay varies depending upon the material and its
environment.

The human system cannot endure

Temp above 50C or below 20C
Pressures above or below our atmospheres
Presence of harmful gases such as CO, H2S, and H2.

Thus, analogous to human system, engineering materials also

require protection like
coatings, inhibitors, alloy addition, design procedures, maintenance,
inspection and re-furnishing.
Corrosion is the disintegration of an engineered
material into its constituent atom due to chemical
reactions with its surroundings. In the most
common use of the word, this means
electrochemical oxidation of metals in reaction
with an oxidant such as O2.
 EFFECTS OF CORROSION

Reduces Strength

Life time is reduced

Metallic properties are lost

Wastage of metal
 IMPORTANCE OF CORROSION DATA

5 mpy Good corrosion resistant

material

5 to 50 mpy Low corrosion resistant

material

50 mpy Unsuitable as constructional

material
EXAMPLES OF CORROSION
PREVENTIONS OF CORROSION
 ACTIVE CORROSION
PROTECTION
The aim of active corrosion protection is to influence the
reactions which proceed during corrosion, it being possible
to control not only the package contents and the corrosive
agent but also the reaction itself in such a manner that
corrosion is avoided.
.
Examples of such an approach are the
development of corrosion-resistant
alloys.
 PERMANENT CORROSION
PROTECTION
The purpose of permanent corrosion protection methods
is mainly to provide protection at the place of use. The
stresses presented by climatic, biotic & chemical factors are
relatively slight in this situation.

For example, in factories shed are

protected from extreme variations in
temperature, which is frequently the
cause of condensation.
 FOUNDATION SETTLEMENT

Foundation settlement is the shifting of the foundation

(and the structure built upon it) into the soil. This can
cause damage to the structure. Whether the soil is moist
or dry is central to predicting the amount of settlement
to expect in a given foundation. Areas with moist soils
will have more foundation settlement than dry areas.
The idea is that as water is squeezed out from the soil,
the structure will shift according to the empty spaces the
water left. The more water, the more shift.
 SETTLEMENT

Immediate or Elastic Settlement: Occurs immediately after the construction. This is

computed using elasticity theory (Important for Granular soil)

Primary Consolidation: Due to gradual dissipation of pore pressure induced by external

loading and consequently expulsion of water from the soil mass, hence volume change.
(Important for Inorganic clays)

Secondary Consolidation: Occurs at constant effective stress with volume change due to
rearrangement of particles. (Important for Organic soils)

42
 TYPES OF FOUNDATION
SETTLEMENT
1- Immediate Settlement or elastic Settlement
Immediate settlement concerns the initial pressure on the soil under and
surrounding the foundation. It is "immediate" because it occurs during and
right after construction. It has nothing to do with water displacement, but is
merely caused by the weight of the structure. In terms of building
foundations, immediate settlement is relatively easy to predict and measure. In
many cases, given the nature of the soil, foundations are constructed with the
ability to withstand a certain amount of shift without damage. Damage usually
occurs only in the long term, as the shift slowly continues over time.
Immediate settlement takes place as the load is applied or within a time period of
about 7 days.
Predominates in cohesion less soils and unsaturated clay
Immediate settlement analysis are used for all fine-grained soils including silts and
clays with a degree of saturation < 90% and for all coarse grained soils with large
co-efficient of permeability (say above 10.2 m/s)
 2- Consolidation
Consolidation settlement is distinguished from immediate settlement both by
the duration of the settlement and by displacement of water. Consolidation is
the more worrisome form of settlement because it is difficult to predict over
months or years. Consolidation settlement is the settling of a foundation, over
time, due to pressure exerted by the structure and squeezes out the water
content of the soil, thus compressing it. Expulsion of moisture from the soil
usually is a long-term process.
Consolidation settlements are time dependent and take months to years to
develop. The leaning tower of Pisa in Italy has been undergoing consolidation
settlement for over 700 years. The lean is caused by consolidation settlement
being greater on one side. This, however, is an extreme case. The principal
settlements for most projects occur in 3 to 10 years.
Dominates in saturated/nearly saturated fine grained soils where consolidation
theory applies.
Here we are interested to estimate both consolidation settlement and how
long a time it will take or most of the settlement to occur.
The Leaning Tower of Pisa is the bell tower of
the Cathedral. Its construction was commenced
in 1173 and contiued haltingly over a period of
200 years! The tower began leaning soon after
construction began in 1173. The inclination of
the tower is attributed to the non-uniform,
sponge-like saturated clay soil on which the
foundation of the tower rests. The softer area
within this strata has settled more causing the tilt.
Several engineers have proposed plans to
straighten the tower. However, with its 800+
years of leaning history, locals do not want the
tower to be straightened. Every few years some
form of restoration is performed to ensure that
the tower does not become unstable or collapse.
 3- Primary and Secondary Consolidation
Consolidation settlement has two components,
primary and secondary. The former deals explicitly with
the settlement caused by soil moisture displacement, and
the latter deals with the elastic settlement after all
movable water has been squeezed out of the soil.
Primary consolidation is the most significant and
potentially harmful of the two. Primary consolidation
takes quite a bit of time, from weeks to years. Secondary
consolidation is the quicker result of primary
consolidation. Once primary has been completed, and all
movable water has been moved, secondary kicks in.
Secondary consolidation occurs immediately after
primary, and takes far less time to complete.
 After secondary consolidation is complete, the structure remains in its
permanent position. As a result, many builders advise residents in new homes
to avoid repairing any settlement damage until secondary consolidation is
complete, which is normally after two years at most.
Occurs under constant effective stress due to continuous rearrangement of
clay particles into a more stable configuration.
Predominates in highly plastic clays and organic clays.
 UNIFORM SETTLEMENT

Total settlement refers to the uniform settlement of the entire structure

and occurs due to weight of the structure and imposed loads.
When all points settle with equal amount, the settlement is called
uniforms
 DEFINITION OF DIFFERENTIAL
SETTLEMENT

Differential settlement refers to the the unequal settling of a

building's piers or foundation that can result in damage
to the structure. The damage occurs when the
foundation sinks in different areas at different times.
Differential or uneven settlement can occur if the loads on
the structure are unevenly distrbuted, variations in the
soil properties or due to construction related variations.
Angular distortion Type of limit and structure

1/150 Structure damage of general

buildings expected

1/250 Tilting of high rigid buildings

may be visible
1/300 Cracking in panel walls expected
Difficulties with overhead cranes
1/500 Limit for buildings in which cracking
is not permissible
1/600 Overstressing of structural frames
with diagonals
1/750 Difficulty with machinery sensitive
to settlement
 Causes
Differential settlement is primarily due to the condition of the soil upon which the
structure sits. Soil has the capacity to expand or contract based upon the
temperature or weather conditions. It can also shift or wash away due to poor
drainage, heavy rainfall, soil drying unevenly, or changes in the water table.

Effects
The settlement causes cracks in a structure's foundation,
slab or supporting piers. These cracks lead to cracks in
the building's interior walls and uneven settling of the
building's doors, windows and trim.
 Prevention and Solution
The best way to prevent damage from differential settlement is to thoroughly analyze the
soil and make necessary amendments before construction begins. It may be necessary to
reinforce the structure's piers or foundations if a problem occurs after the building has
been constructed.
 SIGNS OF FOUNDATION
SETTLEMENT
When the foundation to your home or office building
has settled, it means that there has been movement
of the building below the position in which it was
built. The most common reasons for changes in the
foundation include shifting soil, changes in the soil or
even changes in the moisture. Most houses
experience some settling after construction, but these
are normally not significant. Knowing signs of
foundation settlement can help you address the issue
in your home or avoid purchasing a home with severe
foundation movement.
 Cracks
Settlement cracks often occur in the foundation or the
house slab or on the ceilings and walls. Small cracks are often
because of minor foundation settlement or even because of
expansion and contraction of the settlement. Large cracks,
however, can represent a more significant concern. Cracks can
warrant concern if they exceed one-quarter of an inch in
width.
Windows, Doors and Plumbing
Foundation settlement may make it difficult to open or close
doors and windows because the door frame does not fit the door
and causes some sticking. Gaps between the windows and doors
with the frame may also occur. A door or window may not close
all the way. Plumbing lines can also be affected by a poor
foundation as well as mechanical equipment.
 EXAMPLES OF
PREDICTION OF
SETTLEMENT
1- Tilted Chimney
A tilted chimney is a sign that the
foundation of a building or home has
settled; however, it can be difficult to
recognize unless it is severe. A slight shift
in the chimney may not be as noticeable,
but it is a sign of a shifting or settling
foundation.
 2- Loose Nails and Wallpaper
When nails begin to loosen or wallpaper starts to separate from
the walls, it can be a sign of a foundation problem. Nails and
allpaper shift if the walls move and they do not bind or attach to
he wall any more. Bending or bowing walls can be a sign of the
ge of the home, settling of the foundation, deterioration of the
home or shrinkage.
 3-Slanted flooring
Slanted or sloped flooring may be a result of foundation
settlement in a specific area of the building's foundation or
other structural issues, such as rotting or termite damage. In
some cases, the foundation causing the sloping floor may
need to be jacked up so that new footers can be installed.
 Instructions For Shallow Cracks

1 -Gauge the depth of the crack to determine whether it is less than a 1/2-inch deep.
If it is, wear safety goggles, work gloves and a dust mask to clean the crack using a
stiff wire brush and whisk broom, then clean the area around the crack.
2 -Paint the crack with a latex bonding agent, available at home improvement stores,
to improve the bond when the mortar mix is applied.
3 -Fill the crack with concrete repair mortar mix, available at home improvement
stores, while the latex bonding agent is still wet. Mix and apply the mortar according
to the label directions on the mix.
4 -Allow the patch to dry and settle for 24 hours. Apply more mortar mix if necessary
and trowel smooth.
5 -Paint the patch and the area immediately surrounding it with a water-based
polyurethane sealer, available at home improvement stores, to protect the patch from
water seepage and staining.
 Instructions For Deep Cracks

6- Wear safety goggles, work gloves and a dust mask to clean the crack. If it is
more than 1/2-inch deep and 1 inch wide, use a hammer and chisel to
remove loose chunks of concrete. Be sure to remove all weak areas around
the crack that are crumbling or in danger of breaking off.

7- Use a stiff wire brush to abrade the crack and sweep it out thoroughly to
remove all debris. Paint the crack with a water-based polyurethane sealer,
available at home improvement stores.
8- Fill the crack with concrete repair mortar mix, according to label directions,
while the sealer is still wet. Smooth with a trowel and let it set for 24 hours.
Add more filler, if needed.
9- Paint the patch area and the area immediately surrounding it with a water-
based polyurethane sealer.
Thanks ..