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Akusisi Data
Pokok bahasan:
Akusisi Data
Sub-pokok bahasan
Akusisi data berbasis komputer
Instrumen artificial dari National Instrument
Program LabView
Akusisi data memakai LabView
Pembangkit sinyal pada LabView
PC-based Data Acquisition
System Overview
In the last few years, industrial PC I/O interface products have become increasingly
reliable, ccurate and affordable. PC-based data acquisition and control systems are
widely used in industrial and laboratory applications like monitoring, control, data
acquisition and automated testing.
Selecting and building a DA&C (Data Acquisition and Control) system that actually does
what you want it to do requires some knowledge of electrical and computer engineering.
Transducers and actuators
Signal conditioning
Data acquisition and control hardware
Computer systems software
 Data Acquisition System Introduction I

A data acquisition system consists of many components that are

integrated to:
Sense physical variables (use of transducers)
Condition the electrical signal to make it readable by an A/D board
 Data Acquisition System Introduction II

Convert the signal into a digital format acceptable by a computer

Process, analyze, store, and display the acquired data with the help of
software
Data Acquisition System

Analog Signal
Signal Conditioner

ADC

Communication Digital
Processing
Analog vs. Digital Signal
Analog signals:
Continuous, expressed in decimal system
No limitation on the maximum/minimum value
Can not be processed by computer

Digital signals: binary number system

All numbers are expressed by a combination of 1 & 0
The maximum value is limited by # of bits available
Signal Conditioning

Functions: modify the analog signal to match the performance of the

ADC
Pre-filtering: remove undesirable high frequency components
Amplification: amplify the signal to match the dynamic range of the ADC
Data Acquisition System
Block Diagram
 Transducers

Sense physical phenomena and translate

it into electric signal.

Temperature Displacement
Pressure Level
Light Electric signals
Force ON/OFF switch
Transducers and Actuators
A transducer converts temperature, pressure, level, length,
position, etc. into voltage, current, frequency, pulses or other
signals.
An actuator is a device that activates process control equipment
by using pneumatic, hydraulic or electrical power. For example,
a valve actuator opens and closes a valve to control fluid rate.
Signal Conditioning
Signal conditioning circuits improve the quality of signals
generated by transducers before they are converted into digital
signals by the PC's data-acquisition hardware.
Examples of signal conditioning are signal scaling,
amplification, linearization, cold-junction compensation, filtering,
attenuation, excitation, common-mode rejection, and so on.
Signal Conditioning
One of the most common signal conditioning functions is
amplification.
For maximum resolution, the voltage range of the input signals
should be approximately equal to the maximum input range of
the A/D converter. Amplification expands the range of the
transducer signals so that they match the input range of the A/D
converter. For example, a x10 amplifier maps transducer
signals which range from 0 to 1 V into the range 0 to 10 V
before they go into the A/D converter.
 Signal Conditioning
Electrical signals are conditioned so they can be
used by an analog input board. The following
features may be available:

Amplification Filtering
Isolation Linearization
Data Acquisition
Data acquisition and control hardware generally performs one
or more of the following functions:
analog input,
analog output,
digital input,
digital output and
counter/timer functions.
Analog Inputs (A/D)
Analog to digital (A/D) conversion changes analog
voltage or current levels into digital information.
The conversion is necessary to enable the
computer to process or store the signals.
Analog Inputs (A/D)
The most significant criteria when selecting A/D hardware are:
1. Number of input channels
2. Single-ended or differential input signals
3. Sampling rate (in samples per second)
4. Resolution (usually measured in bits of resolution)
5. Input range (specified in full-scale volts)
6. Noise and nonlinearity
 Analog to Digital (A/D)
Converter

Input signal Resolution

Sampling rate Range
Throughput
Gain
 A/D Converter:
Input Signal
Analog
Signal is continuous
Example: strain gage. Most of transducers
produce analog signals

Digital
Signal is either ON or OFF
Example: light switch.
Consider an analog signal x(t) that is sampled every Dt seconds. The time interval Dt
is known as the sampling interval or sampling period. Its reciprocal, 1/Dt, is known
as the sampling frequency, with units of samples/second. Each of the discrete
values of x(t) at t = 0, Dt, 2Dt, 3Dt, etc., is known as a sample. Thus, x(0), x(Dt),
x(2Dt), ...., are all samples. The signal x(t) can thus be represented by the discrete set
of samples {x(0), x(Dt), x(2Dt), x(3Dt), , x(kDt), }.
 A/D Converter:
Sampling Rate

Determines how often conversions take place.

The higher the sampling rate, the better.

16 Samples/cycle
Analog 8 Samples/cycle
4 Samples/cycle
Input
 A/D Converter:
Sampling Rate
Aliasing.
Acquired signal gets distorted if sampling
rate is too small. The minimum sampling
frequency required to represent
the signal should at least be twice
the maximum frequency of the
analog signal under test (this is
called the Nyquist rate)
 A/D Converter:
Throughput
Effective rate of each individual channel is inversely
proportional to the number of channels sampled.
Example:
100 KHz maximum.
16 channels.
100 KHz/16 = 6.25 KHz per channel.
 A/D Converter:
Range
Minimum and maximum voltage levels that the
A/D converter can quantize

Ranges are selectable (either

hardware or software) to
accurately measure the signal
A/D Converter:
Resolution
Analog Outputs (D/A)
The opposite of analog to digital conversion is digital to analog (D/A)
conversion. This operation converts digital information into analog voltage
or current. D/A devices allow the computer to control real-world events.
Analog output signals may directly control process equipment. The
process can give feedback in the form of analog input signals. This is
referred to as a closed loop control system with PID control.
Analog outputs can also be used to generate waveforms. In this case, the
device behaves as a function generator.
Analog Outputs (D/A)
 Data Acquisition Software
It can be the most critical factor in obtaining reliable, high
performance operation.
Transforms the PC and DAQ hardware into a complete DAQ, analysis,
and display system.
Different alternatives:
Programmable software.
Data acquisition software packages.
 Programmable Software
Involves the use of a programming language, such as:
C++, visual C++
BASIC, Visual Basic + Add-on tools (such as VisuaLab with VTX)
Fortran
Pascal
Advantage: flexibility
Disadvantages: complexity and steep learning curve
 Data Acquisition Software

Does not require programming.

Enables developers to design the custom instrument
best suited to their application.
Examples: TestPoint, SnapMaster, LabView, DADISP,
DASYLAB, etc.
Designing a DAS: Factors to Consider

Is it a fixed or a mobile application?

Type of input/output signal: digital or analog?
Frequency of input signal ?
Resolution, range, and gain?
Continuous operation?
Compatibility between hardware and software. Are the
drivers available?
Overall price.
Virtual Instrumentation With
LabVIEW
Section I
LabVIEW terms
Components of a LabVIEW application
LabVIEW programming tools
Creating an application in LabVIEW
LabVIEW Programs Are Called Virtual Instruments (VIs)

Front Panel
Controls = Inputs
Indicators = Outputs

Block Diagram
Accompanying program
for front panel
Components wired
together
VI Front Panel
Front Panel Icon
Toolbar

Boolean
Control Graph
Legend

Waveform
Graph

Plot Scale
Legend Legend
VI Block Diagram
Block
Diagram
Toolbar Divide
Function

SubVI

Graph
Terminal

Wire
Data

While Loop Numeric Timing Boolean Control

Structure Constant Function Terminal
Express VIs, VIs and Functions
Express VIs: interactive VIs with configurable dialog page
Standard VIs: modularized VIs customized by wiring
Functions: fundamental operating elements of
LabVIEW; no front panel or block diagram
Function

Express VI Standard VI
Controls and Functions Palettes

Controls Palette
(Front Panel Window)

Functions Palette
(Block Diagram Window)
Tools Palette
Floating Palette
Used to operate and modify
front panel and block diagram
objects.
Automatic Selection Tool

Operating Tool Scrolling Tool

Positioning/Resizing Tool Breakpoint Tool

Labeling Tool Probe Tool

Wiring Tool Color Copy Tool

Shortcut Menu Tool Coloring Tool

Status Toolbar
Run Button

Continuous Run Button Additional Buttons on

the Diagram Toolbar
Abort Execution

Pause/Continue Button Execution Highlighting

Button
Text Settings
Step Into Button
Align Objects
Step Over Button
Distribute Objects
Step Out Button
Reorder

Resize front panel

objects
Open and Run a Virtual Instrument
Example finder
Creating a VI
Front Panel Window

Block Diagram Window

Control Indicator
Terminals Terminals
Creating a VI Block Diagram
Wiring Tips Block Diagram
Wiring Hot Spot Click To Select Wires

Use Automatic Clean Up Wiring

Wire Routing
Dataflow Programming
Block diagram executes
dependent on the flow of data;
block diagram does NOT
execute left to right

Node executes when data is

available to ALL input terminals

Nodes supply data to all output

terminals when done
Help Options
Context Help
Online help
Lock help
Simple/Complex Diagram help
Ctrl + H

Online reference
All menus online
Pop up on functions in diagram to access online info directly
Exercise 1 - Convert C to F
Debugging Techniques
Finding Errors
Click on broken Run button
Window showing error appears
Execution Highlighting
Click on Execution Highlighting button; data
flow is animated using bubbles. Values are
displayed on wires.
Probe
Right-click on wire to display probe and it
shows data as it flows through wire segment

You can also select Probe tool from Tools

palette and click on wire
Section II SubVIs

What is a subVI?
Making an icon and
connector for a
subVI
Using a VI as a subVI
Block Diagram Nodes
Icon Expandable Node Expanded Node

Function Generator VI
Same VI, viewed three different ways
Yellow field designates a standard VI
Blue field designates an Express VI
SubVIs
A SubVI is a VI that can be used within another VI
Similar to a subroutine
Advantages
Modular
Easier to debug
Dont have to recreate code
Require less memory
Icon and Connector

An icon represents a VI in other

Icon
block diagrams
Terminals
A connector shows available
terminals for data transfer
Connector
 Sub VIs
SubVIs
Steps to Create a SubVI
Create the Icon
Create the Connector
Assign Terminals
Save the VI
Insert the VI into a Top Level VI
Create the Icon
Right-click on the icon in the
block diagram or front panel
Create the Connector
Right click on the icon pane (front panel only)
Assign Terminals
Save The VI
Choose an Easy to Remember Location
Organize by Functionality
Save Similar VIs into one directory (e.g. Math Utilities)
Organize by Application
Save all VIs Used for a Specific Application into one directory or library
file (e.g. Lab 1 Frequency Response)
Library Files (.llbs) combine many VIs into a single file, ideal for transferring
entire applications across computers
Insert the SubVI into a Top Level VI
Accessing user-made subVIs
Functions >>All Functions >> Select a VI
Or
Drag icon onto target diagram
Tips for Working in LabVIEW
Keystroke Shortcuts
<Ctrl-H> Activate/Deactivate Context Help Window
<Ctrl-B> Remove Broken Wires From Block Diagram
<Ctrl-E> Toggle Between Front Panel and Block Diagram
<Ctrl-Z> Undo (Also in Edit Menu)
Tools Options Set Preferences in LabVIEW
VI Properties Configure VI Appearance, Documentation, etc.
Section III Data Acquisition
DAQ Device
Data acquisition (DAQ) basics
Connecting Signals
Simple DAQ application
Computer
Sensors
Cable

Terminal Block
Data Acquisition in LabVIEW

Traditional NI-DAQ NI-DAQmx

Specific VIs for Next generation driver:
performing: VIs for performing a
Analog Input task
Analog Output One set of VIs for all
Digital I/O measurement types
Counter operations
DAQ Data Acquisition
Temperature Acquisition using the DAQ Assistant
Data Acquisition Terminology
Resolution - Determines How Many Different Voltage Changes Can Be
Measured
Larger Resolution More Precise Representation of Signal
Range - Minimum and Maximum Voltages
Smaller range More Precise Representation of Signal
Gain - Amplifies or Attenuates Signal for Best Fit in Range
Hardware Connections
SC-2075
BNC-2120

NI-ELVIS
SCB-68
Exercise 2 Simple Data Acquisition
Complete Convert C to F.vi, then create Thermometer.vi.
Section IV Loops and Charts
For Loop
While Loop
Charts
Multiplots
Loops
While Loops
Have Iteration Terminal
Always Run at least Once
Run According to Conditional
Terminal

For Loops
Have Iteration Terminal
Run According to input N of
Count Terminal
Loops (cont.)
1. Select the loop 2. Enclose code to be repeated

3. Drop or drag additional nodes and then wire

Charts

Waveform chart special

numeric indicator that can
display a history of values
Controls >> Graph Indicators
>> Waveform Chart
Wiring Data into Charts
Single Plot Charts Multiplot Charts
Exercise 3 Using loops
Students build Use a loop.vi.
Section V Arrays & File I/O
Build arrays manually
Have LabVIEW build arrays automatically
Write to a spreadsheet file
Read from a spreadsheet file
Adding an Array to the Front Panel
From the Controls >> All Controls >> Array and
Cluster subpalette, select the Array Shell

Drop it on the screen.

Adding an Array (cont.)
Place data object into shell (i.e. Numeric Control)
Creating an Array with a Loop
Loops accumulate arrays at their boundaries
Creating 2D Arrays
File I/O
File I/O passing data to and from files
- Files can be binary, text, or spreadsheet
- Write/Read LabVIEW Measurements file (*.lvm)

Writing to LVM file Reading from LVM file

Write Includes
LabVIEW Measurement File
the open, write, close and error handling
functions
Handles formatting the string with either a tab or
comma delimiter
Merge Signals function is used to combine data into the
dynamic data type
Exercise 4 Analyzing and Logging Data
Students build Temperature Logger.vi
Section VI Array Functions & Graphs
Basic Array Functions
Use graphs
Create multiplots with graphs
ArrayFunctions
Functions Basics
>> All functions>> Array
Array Functions Build Array
Graphs
Selected from the Graph palette of Controls menu
Controls>>All Controls>>Graphs

Waveform Graph Plot an array of numbers

against their indices
Express XY Graph Plot one array against
another
Digital Waveform Graph Plot bits from binary
data
Graphs

Right-Click on the Graph and choose Properties

to Interactively Customize
Exercise 5 Using Waveform Graphs
 Section VII Strings, Clusters, & Error
Handling

Strings
Creating Clusters
Cluster Functions
Error I/O
Strings
A string is a sequence of displayable or nondisplayable
characters (ASCII)
Many uses displaying messages, instrument control, file
I/O
String control/indicator is in the Controls Text Control or
Text Indicator
Clusters
Data structure that groups data together
Data may be of different types
Analogous to struct in C
Elements must be either all controls or all indicators
Thought of as wires bundled into a cable
Creating a Cluster
1. Select a Cluster shell 2. Place objects inside the shell
Controls >> All Controls >> Array & Cluster
Cluster Functions
In the Cluster subpalette of the Functions>>All
functions palette
Can also be accessed by right-clicking on the cluster
terminal

(Terminal labels
reflect data type)
Bundle

Bundle By Name
Cluster Functions
Unbundle

Unbundle By Name

Unbundled cluster
in the diagram
Error Clusters
Error cluster contains the following information:
Boolean to report whether error occurred
Integer to report a specific error code
String to give information about the error
Error Handling Techniques
Error information is passed from one subVI to the next
If an error occurs in one subVI, all subsequent subVIs are not
executed in the usual manner
Error Clusters contain all error conditions
Automatic Error Handling

error clusters
Section VIII - Case & Sequence
Structures, Formula Nodes
Case Structures
In the Structures subpalette of Functions palette
Enclose nodes or drag them inside the structure
Stacked like a deck of cards, only one case visible
Functions >> Execution control
Exercise 6 Error Clusters & Handling
Sequence Structures
In the Execution Control subpalette of Functions palette
Executes diagrams sequentially
Right-click to add new frame
Formula Nodes
In the Structures subpalette
Implement complicated equations
Variables created at border
Variable names are case sensitive
Each statement must terminate with a semicolon (;)
Context Help Window shows available functions

Note semicolon
Section IX Printing & Documentation
Print From File Menu to Printer, HTML, Rich Text File
Programmatically Print Graphs or Front Panel Images
Document VIs in VI Properties Documentation Dialog
Add Comments Using Free Labels on Front Panel & Block Diagram
Printing
File Print Gives Many Printing Options
Choose to Print Icon, Front Panel, Block Diagram, VI
Hierarchy, Included SubVIs, VI History
Print Panel.vi (Programmatically Prints a Front Panel)
Functions All Functions Application Control
Generate & Print Reports (Functions Output
Report)
Documenting VIs
VI Properties Documentation
Provide a Description and Help Information for a VI
VI Properties Revision History
Track Changes Between Versions of a VI
Individual Controls Description and Tip
Right Click to Provide Description and Tip Strip
Use Labeling Tool to Document Front Panels & Block
Diagrams
Section X Basic Programming Architecture
Simple VI Architecture
General VI Architecture
State Machine Architecture
Simple VI Architecture
Functional VI that produces results when run
No start or stop options
Suitable for lab tests, calculations
Example: Convert C to F.vi
General VI Architecture
Three Main Steps
Startup
Main Application
Shutdown
State Machine Architecture
Advantages
Can go from any state from any
other
Easy to modify and debug
Disadvantages
Can lose events if two occur at the
same time
States:
0: Startup
1: Idle
2: Event 1
3: Event 2
4: Shutdown
Exercise 7 Simple State Machine
Section XI Remote Front Panels
View & Control LabVIEW Front Panels from a Web Browser
Requires no programming
Remote clients see live front panel updates
Multiple clients can view the same panel simultaneously
Only one client can control the front panel at a time
Remote Panel Web Publishing Tool
Tools Web Publishing Tool

Click Save to Disk and VI is

embedded into an HTML file

After file is saved, it can be

reopened and customized in
any HTML editor
Remote Front Panels - Resources
NI Developer Zone
(zone.ni.com)
Search for Remote
Front Panel
Tutorials & Instructions
Are Available for
Download
Information on
Incorporating Web
Cameras into Remote
Panel Applications
Section XII Additional Topics
Property Nodes
Local Variables
Global Variables
DataSocket
Binary File I/O
Where Do I Go From Here?
Example programs (Help Find Examples)
LabVIEW Student Edition (www.ni.com/labviewse)
Web resources (ni.com)
NI Developer Zone (zone.ni.com)
Application Notes
Info-labview newsgroup (www.info-labview.org/)
Instrument Driver Library (www.ni.com/idnet)
Homework :
Morris, Problems :
1. 5.1
2. 5.2
3. 5.5
4. 5.7
5. 5.10