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CHAPTER 2
EGM 5653
Advanced Mechanics of Materials
Namas Chandra
Advanced Mechanics of Materials Chapter 2-1
EGM 5653
Objectives
Definition of stress/strain as tensor
Stress/strain on arbitrary planes
Principal quantities, Mohrs circle in 2-D and 3-D
Small displacement theories
Strain rosettes
Sections
2.1,2.2 Stress Definition
2.3 Stress tranformation, 2.4 Principal quanities
2.5 Equilibrium equation, 2.6 strain in any direction
2.7 strain transformation, 2.8 strain theory
2.9 Strain measurment
Namas Chandra
Advanced Mechanics of Materials Chapter 2-2
EGM 5653
F
Lt
A0 t
A
FN
N Lt
A0 tN
A
FS
S Lt
A0 tS
A
Namas Chandra
Advanced Mechanics of Materials Chapter 2-3
PA
EGM 5653
xx xy xz xx xy xz
T xy yy yz T xy yy yz
xz yz zz xz yz zz
11 12 13
T 12 22 23 Diagonal Normal
Off-diagonal-Shear
23 23 33 Eng. Shear= 2*Tensor Shear
Namas Chandra
Advanced Mechanics of Materials Chapter 2-5
PA
EGM 5653
Namas Chandra
Advanced Mechanics of Materials Chapter 2-6
EGM 5653
0 1 0
Q 1 0 0
0 0 1
a Q a
' T
.
0 1 0 2 0
1 0 0 0 2
0 0 1 0 0
Namas Chandra
Advanced Mechanics of Materials Chapter 2-8
EGM 5653
e 3 Tij' QmiQnjTmn
e 1
e 3
e 1
Thus
T11' T12' T13' Q11 Q12 Q13 T11 T12 T13 Q11 Q12 Q13
' ' Q Q . T T T . Q Q
T T '
T
21 22 23 12 22 Q32 21 22 23 12 22 Q32
T31' T32' T33' Q13 Q23 Q33 T31 T32 T33 Q13 Q23 Q33
.
T Q T Q
' T
Namas Chandra
Advanced Mechanics of Materials Chapter 2-9
EGM 5653
0 1 0
T 1 2 0
,
0 0 1
0 1 0
1 0 0
Q
0 0 1
T Q T Q
' T
2 1 0
1 0 0
.
0 0 1
Namas Chandra
Advanced Mechanics of Materials Chapter 2-10
EGM 5653
, 0 1 0
1 0 0
Q
0 0 1
' Scalar
ai' Qmi am Vector
Tij' QmiQnjTmn Second Order Tensor
Tijk' QmiQnj QrkTmnr Third Order Tensor
Tijk ... QmiQnj Qok .....QspTmno... n th Order Tensor
.
n n
Namas Chandra
Advanced Mechanics of Materials Chapter 2-11
EGM 5653
n n In I n 0
11 12 13 is the one of the principal values
21 22 23 0 This is a cubic equation in
31 32 33 Solution to this equation gives the
three principal stress values.
1 2 3
( 11 )1 12 2 13 3 0
For each of the values, find the
211 ( 22 ) 2 23 3 0 direction corresponding to that
311 32 2 ( 33 ) 3 0 principal value,
2 0 0
Given: T 0 3 4 Find principal values and directions.
0 4 3
2 0 0
1 5
T I 0 3 4 (2 )( 2 25) 0 2 2
3
0 4
3 5
For 1 5 2n2 4n3 0
2 1 n1 0n2 0n3 0
4n2 8n3 0
0 (3 1 ) n2 4n3 0
1 2
n1 n2 n3 1 n3 and n2
2 2 2
0 4n2 (3 1 ) n3 0 5 5
1
n 1 2e2 e3
3n1 0 n1 0 5
1
n 2 e1
n 3 e2 2e3
5
Namas Chandra
Advanced Mechanics of Materials Chapter 2-13
EGM 5653
I1 xx yy zz
xx xy yy yz xx zx
I2
xy yy yz zz zx zz
xx yy yy zz zz xx 2 xy 2 yz 2 zx
xx xy zx
I 3 xy yy yz
zx yz zz
I1 1 2 3
I 2 1 2 2 3 3 1
In terms of principal
Stresses, I 3 1 2 3
Namas Chandra
Advanced Mechanics of Materials Chapter 2-14
EGM 5653
oct 13 I1 13 1 2 3
oct 13 1 2 1 2 1 2
2 2 2
oct 13 I1 13 xx yy zz
yy zz xx yy xx 6( 2 xy yz2 zx2 )
2 2
oct 1 2
3 xx
Namas Chandra
Advanced Mechanics of Materials Chapter 2-15
EGM 5653
I1 xx yy zz 1 2 3
m
3 3 3
T Tm Td Tm T
m 0 0 xx m xy xz
Tm 0 m 0 Td xy yy m yz
0 0 m xz
yz zz m
Namas Chandra
Advanced Mechanics of Materials Chapter 2-16
PA
EGM 5653
T Q T Q
T
xx 12 xx yy 12 xx yy cos 2 xy sin 2
yy 12 xx yy 12 xx yy cos 2 xy sin 2
xy 12 xx yy sin 2 xy cos 2
Namas Chandra
Advanced Mechanics of Materials Chapter 2-17
EGM 5653
Center 12 xx yy , 0
2
Radius R 1
4 xx yy 2
xy
xx yy
2
1 1
2
1
4 xx yy 2
xy
xx yy
2
1 1
2
1
4 xx yy 2
xy
2
max 1
4 xx yy 2
xy
Namas Chandra
Advanced Mechanics of Materials Chapter 2-18
EGM 5653
Namas Chandra
Advanced Mechanics of Materials Chapter 2-19
EGM 5653
1 80 20 40
n (1, 2,1) T 20 60 10
6
40 10 20
Stress vector
Tn 65.32i 61.24 j 32.66k
Namas Chandra
Advanced Mechanics of Materials Chapter 2-20
EGM 5653
Find: Invariants
Second Invariant I2
xx yy
yy zz
zz xx 2
xy 2
yz 2
zx 5500
xx xy zx
Third Invariant I 3 xy yy yz 0
zx yz zz
Namas Chandra
Advanced Mechanics of Materials Chapter 2-21
EGM 5653
Characteristic Equation
max 12 1 3 55 Mpa
3 160 2 5500 0 0
2 oct 19 1 2 2 3 3 1
2 2 2
( 2 160 5500) 0
44.97Mpa
1 110 Mpa
2 50 Mpa
1 0
Namas Chandra
Advanced Mechanics of Materials Chapter 2-22
EGM 5653
xx yx zx
Bx 0
x y z
xy yy zy
By 0
x y z
xz yz zz
Bz 0
x y z
Namas Chandra
Advanced Mechanics of Materials Chapter 2-23
EGM 5653
x x (x, y, z)
* *
y y (x, y, z)
* *
z z (x, y, z)
* *
x x(x , y , z )
* * *
y y(x , y , z )
* * *
z z(x , y , z )
* * *
Namas Chandra
Advanced Mechanics of Materials Chapter 2-24
EGM 5653
ds* ds
E
ds
Finite or Green Strain
u 1 u v w
2 2 2
xx
x 2 x x x
v 1 u v w
2 2 2
yy
y 2 y y y
w 1 u v w
2 2 2
zz
z 2 z z z
Namas Chandra
Advanced Mechanics of Materials Chapter 2-25
EGM 5653
PA : (l1 , m1 , n1 ) PB : (l2 , m2 , n 2 )
P*A* : (l1* , m1* , n1* ) P*B* : (l*2 , m*2 , n*2 )
cos
2
cos * l1*l*2 m1*m*2 n1*n*2
12 (1 E1 )(1 E 2 ) cos *
*
2
Namas Chandra
Advanced Mechanics of Materials Chapter 2-26
EGM 5653
Here the strains are infinitesimal and rigid body motion is negligible.
Then,
u v w
xx , yy , zz
x y z
1 v u 1 w u 1 w v
xy , xz , yz
2 x y 2 x z 2 y z
M E
Namas Chandra
Advanced Mechanics of Materials Chapter 2-28
EGM 5653
Namas Chandra
Advanced Mechanics of Materials Chapter 2-29
EGM 5653
Therefore,
xx a
( a 2b ) sin 4 2c sin 2
yy
4sin 2 sin 2
2 a (sin 2 cos 2 2 sin 2 2 cos 2 ) 2(b sin 2 2 c sin 2 )
xy
4sin 2 sin 2
When 60o
2(b c ) a b c
xx a , yy , xy
3 3
When 45o
1
xx a , yy c , xy b ( a c )
2
Namas Chandra
Advanced Mechanics of Materials Chapter 2-30
EGM 5653
Namas Chandra
Advanced Mechanics of Materials Chapter 2-31
EGM 5653
Namas Chandra
Advanced Mechanics of Materials Chapter 2-32
EGM 5653
Problem 2.74
2.74 Show that for Ex 2.12 when =600 the principal strains are given by
1 1
1 ( a b c ) R; 2 ( a b c ) R
3 3
1 2 1/ 2
R (2 ) 2
3( )
3 a b c b c
and the maximum strain is located at angle ccw from x axis
3( b c )
tan 2
2( a b c )
Namas Chandra
Advanced Mechanics of Materials Chapter 2-33
EGM 5653
Homework
No Suggested Problems In-class and others
(due date)
Namas Chandra
Advanced Mechanics of Materials Chapter 2-34