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CLASIFICACIN
DRENAJE
INTRODUCCIN
Relleno
Cuerpo
Base o cimentacin
Pie de base
Taln de base
Llave
Inclinacin de muro
Keys
(a)
Approach siab
Approach
fill
Optional
(b) (e) piles
(f)
Stretcher Headers
Face of wall
Counterforts
Note : Cells to be
filled with soil
(c) (d)
Figure 12-1 Types of retaining walls. (a) gravity walls of stone masonry, brick or plain concrete. Weight provides
overturning and sliding stability; (b) cantilever wall; (c) counterfort, or buttressed wall. If backfill covers
counterforts, the wall is termed a counterfort; (d) crib wall; (e) semigravity wall (small amount of steel reinforcement
Cut
Cut
Fill
Fill
(a)
Cut
Fill
(b)
Water
Water
(e)
(c)l
(d)
High water
level
(f) (g)
Figure 3.22 Common use of retaining wall : (a) Hill side roads
(b) Elevated and depressed roads, (c) Load scaping
(d) Canals and locks (e) Erosin protection (f) Flood
walls
Backfill
Front
face
Backface
Batter
Key between successive
concrete pours for high
walls
Key
Stem
Toe
Heel
Muros Cantilever
Muros de Gravedad
200 mm minimum
(300 mm preferable)
Minimum batter
1
H
48
B/3
H/12 to H/10
48 min
H
to 12
14
H H
H
-0 .6
0.3
B=
0.4
0 2
.7 0
H
0
m
m
m
i
n
i
Figure 12-4 Tentative design dimensions for a counterfort retaining wall.
m
u
Depth of base should be adequate for frost and below soils
m
which undergo volume change. This wall may not be economical
unless H 6 to 7 m.
0.30 m to H/12
Minimum
batter
Slope
change
1:48 to reduce
concrete
H
D to D
H/8 to H/6
D
May be 0.5 to 0.7 H
s
loped
(
a
)
Figure 12-5 (a)Tentative dimensions for a gravity retaining wall; (b)
broken-back retaining wall.
R
H
R
K
o H
Figure 12-6 Pressure diagram for very rigid retaining walls. If some
lateral movement can take place the resultant R can be
placed at 1/3 point; with no movement place R at
point. Note use of Ko, not Ka.
ESTABILIDAD DE MUROS
W
s
Pa =
H2 Ka
Ph P
v
be removed Ph = Pa cos
H
1
e
2
Fr
This soil may
Ph
P
v
P
a
c
Vertical stem steel
(a) F
L
2 riction and
c
(b)
Pp
= Hp Kp
b located here
P
ossible passive
soil failure
Figure 12-8 Stability against sliding using a base key . (a) Base key near
stem so that stem steel may be run into the P key; but (b) the
sliding surface
p a may develop as shown here where little aid is
gained from using the key; (c) heel key which presents two
Heel
possible key
modes of failure (passive and slip along the
plane).
P
a, meters
0.61
1.22
1.83
400 read horizontally to b = 2.10
Example: = 30 ka = 0.33 37.2
H = 6; take (a+b) = 0.5H
=3
HEnter
kg chart b 2 3
a= + with H kg = 132
b2
and
H2ka, m2
)
0 '( 5
m
m=1 1 3.
0
= '( )
m=2 b 0 m
3000 1 4 27.9
= 2.
4
b ( )
8' 4m
= .4
b (2
= 8'
b )
83m )
(1. m
= 6 ' ( 1. 83
b =6 ' )
b . 2 2m
1
= 4' (
b
200 18.6
m)
( 1 .22
4'
b=
1000 9.3 m
Fig. 3.29 Chart for determining approximate dimension Ha and b for the base
slab,
so that the resultant will fall inside the middle third (Bowles,
12
Q=W
10 p
pp o
B B t an e
Depthof key =
8 .
. Q/p = 2 and e = 18.5
RATIO Q/P
Example: B = 3 m; Q =
Also check Pp which may yield a
2 = 7.25 ton; Q = 20
.
=1
0 Depth of key 3.75 tan 18.5 = 1.25 m
6
=1
5
lower SF and be =critical.
= 20
25
=3
4 0
=3
5
=4
0
0
Fig. 3.34 Chart to
1
find the depth
5
of10heel key
15
for a sliding
20
factor
25
of safety
of 30
1.5. Curves notHEEL
ANGLE OF valid = 0 (Bowles, 1968)
KEYfor
FUERZAS EN EL MURO DE CONTENCIN
90 -
P
n
eglect
analysis Wc + Pv V=W +W +P c s v
(a)
b)
Ws
Wc Wc
H
Pa Pa
Hw
H P cos
3 a
Hw
qheel 3
M
it is in q
qtoe (b)
e
Sometimes omitted
Figure 12-10 ForcesV on
= W +cantilever
W + P sin s wall. (a) Entire unit; free bodies for; (b)
c a
stem; (a)
Included because
(c) toe; (d) heel. Note that M1 + M2 + M3 0.0.
Omit c Df qs = (average height of
soil) x + D
s c f
V
Neglect vertical
h
q = hKa
cos Q= h o
qdh M=
Qdh h
V
M 1 Q M
M q1= average height of
Df (a)
q qs b soilq x + D ( )
c q
Dtf S f h
q
x q = qh + sx - q1
q = qt x- sx - q1 D Heel: Q = qdx
o M=
o
Qdx
(b)
M= Qdx
Figure 12-11 Cantilever retaining wall. (a) Stem shear and moments; (b) toe and
heel shears and moments.
Treat the toe as a cantilever H
beam loaded with the indicated
pressure diagram. (Same
solution as for the cantilever
retaining wall).
ip
it str q = H
un
ip
it s tr
un
l s
tri Equivalent beam
p
Kl l l l
l2
cantilever moment equal q
If it is desired that the Use Counterforts
for top strips of stem with an average q on
H/2
H/4
H
H/4
H/4
H/4
H/4
q/2 q/2 q
q q/2 q/2
for
Usepositive moment
this pressure diagram negative moment
Use this diagram for
computations computations
(a)
l l l l
l
0
.
Unit 4
1
l M=
M= M= M=
(b)
In this zone
Assum
const.
eM=
H/2
H
H
M
+M = 4
-M = 0.03 qHl
H/4
V = 0.2 qH
q = HKa
(a)
+M
Ste
m
Counterfort Counterfort
-
M
l/3 l/3
l/3
(
b)
Ws
1
Pa = 2 H2 Ka
H
H/3
2 7 (2-3-6-7)
(3-4-5-6)
c 4
q'b = b
qnet = qs + q'b + qb +w - qf
consider.
P
b
be sufficiently accurate to neglect these pressures.
Huntington (1957) a
o
f
p
CAPACIDAD PORTANTE ADMISIBLE
qult = cNc dc ic + q Nq dq iq + 1 B N d i
2
q = V Vec
qa (e L/6)
A I
ASENTAMIENTOS
Wbackfill
Excessive toe
settlement
(a)
Underlying strata of compresible material as
clay or peat
(b)
Figure 12-16 Settlement failures. (a) Excessive forward tilt due to a high toe
pressure; (b) excesive settlement and tilt due to backfill. The
latter is a common potential problem at bridge abutments
caused by the approach fill
h
Soft material with
low shear strength
Figure 12-17 Soil shear failure. May be analyzed by the Swedish-circle method. A
shallow failure occurs when base soil fails. A deep failure
occurs if the poor soil stratum is underlying a better soil as in the
figure.
DISEO DE MUROS DE GRAVEDAD Y SEMIGRAVEDAD
FSs
Pc
b b'
Compression
Tension (Possible)
fc = 1 0.45
Tension c' 1
f t =e Compression 1.6
f c' f c'
Q 6e
Q 6e
12 B' B'
B'
Figure 12-18 Design of a gravity retaining 12 wall withB'critical points
indicated.
Q = sum of all the vertical loads
JUNTAS EN MUROS
Juntas de Construccin
Juntas de Contraccin
Juntas de Expansin
Keys used to tie
two pours together
or to increase
shear between
base and stem
No key use:
surface base and
is cleaned
roughened.
provides Steel
a dded shear
joint
Expansion so crack formation
Contraction is controlled
joints: Weakened planes
0.411 0.411
Lloraderos
Drenes longitudinales
Relleno granular
Backfill with free draining soil
Weepholes should be
10 cm or larger to avoid
plugging Note that the
discharge is on to the
toe where the
pressure soil
is largest. Drain pipe covered with Cut hole in
granular material.
counterfort if required.
2
T = Pww sen
M= P L
ww w
2
Beams
Seat
w
L
l
al
w
g
in
W
Pw
w
Joint
Abutment
Backfill
Figure 12-21 Brigde abutment and wing-wall earth pressure and methods of
Monolithic
construction.
Pab
DISEO DE UN MURO CON CONTRAFUERTES
Wall
Qc
Counterfort
y
c.g.s.
qh
arm
Tension
c y = As fy (arm)
L CL /// fixed
S X,Y rot = 0
Y-rotations = 0
Counterfort
W
all
X
T
y
Figure 12-23 Tipycal layout for using mat program p
to solve a plate fixed on
three edges. Note use of closer grid ispacing at edges to better
develop plate curvature. c
a
l
g
r
i
Counterfort
A Counterfort
main
reinforcing
Face wall B Horizontal
B const. Face of
Joint for high wall
face of wall U-ties.
Counterfort
Main reinforcing in
wall
Dowls.
DISEO
CALCULO DEESTATICO
EMPUJE DISEO SISMICO Calc.+ Sism.)
Empuje Total (Est.
MONONOBE- PRAKASH-
RANKINE COULOMB CULMANN
OKABE SARAN
Dimensionamiento de Pantalla
Peralte minimo por corte
Clculo de Fuerzas
y
Aumenta longitud
Momentos
Estabilizantes
de la base
FSDFSD
= Sumh
1.5 / Eh
NO
FSV = Mi/Me
NO
FSD 1.5
FIG. 1 DIAGRAMA DE FLUJO- PROGRAMA CANT-UNI
1 2 3
Esfuerzos en la base:
Smax, Smin
qa Smax NO
Diseo de la pantalla
Refuerzo Principal y secun- Aumenta altura de la
dario grfico para determinar zapata
Altura de corte de fierro
NO
Vma
x > Vact
N
O
SI Variar
de Presin
P
rdida
n taln
0.25 m
w = 2 Ton / m2
1 = 32
H1 = 2.0 m. c1 = 0
2 ==28
1 1.70 T / m3
H2 = 2.5 m. c2 = 1 T / m
6.0 m
2
2 = 1.80 T / m3
1.5 m
2 = 20
H3 = 1.5 m. cb = 2.5 T /
3.90 m
m2
0.50 2 = 1.9 T / m3
13 m
2 = 20
cb = 2.5 T / m2
2 = 1.9 T / m3
Figura 2
0.20 m
5.0 m
= 10
2
EJB-fPLO 1 -
* * * ****DE***E*NT*R*
D A TO S
* **
DATOS
AD A DEL RELLENO:
****************
ANGULO DE Bta.-.
ANGULO <:>. o-o orad-e>
FRIC. XNCLINACION: De1ta-
RELLENO-MURO: O - <:>O Qr ado-
.ESTRATO COHES:tDN UNXT. ALTURA
ANp-FR::CCCION PESO
N. grados T/m2 Mts.
1 T/~'3
32-00
2.00
O - O<:>
l. - 70
2-50
1. 1-80 1- 50
28-00
1- 90
O<:>
DATOS AD::CCIONALES: 20.00 2-50
.I.E.S-.::'\IIZ. X"" e~
Gba....
1 - 90 T / tn3
DE DXtt.EtAS1DI. ES
" ~: DEL ~O.:
DATOS .-
:t
Al CMIQ DE Tope=-=. Mts.
~
---~DEL.~=
Tt...1111:A 'Z..Jf!ll#>A TA :
H= 6-00
Mts
Mt9..
.
.
LOp,,K; - DE' lll"r-E: DE ZAPATA: Hz= .... 3-- Mta.
~ F:z
1-
LONGXTUD TOT~ DE .ZAPATA: = so
:..::. 9() Mt15.
-
B
z=
Ti~DDS
I MF"RES ~t CJN OE RESUL
~=======~==== ~. ===~====
CORTE ACTUA~TE EN LA BASE DEL MURO:
r ; 20 -
o.oo
4 1-80
5 46
~-40 -22
6 ~ .. 1-11.
1-01
7 O
1. 95
a :S-60 2 .. 62
2.56
'9 3 _ 3::5 4.93
10 .lf-. 20. 4.30
SECC:ION
N.
MOMENTO
T-M 4.ao
ANCHO
MURO<c,n)
DE
5.49
ACERO CUANT I A
,. 7.96CUANT:IA
11.. 84 MAX
o O.OOO 25-00 cm2 0017
16.81
1 26 ..30 6.62 ..OOl.7 -0163
~-40
-2200
1 ..007'9
6,.00
27.60 3.4000
7.77
.. oc, 23.05 .0163
3 30.36 .0163
2- 35:55 28 .. 3.6210 17
4 30 ..20 9.25 39.01.
4.-9330 :S1.50 ..
..0021 .0163
:5 90 3 ..
6
7.9585 :s:z .. .. 0017
_0031 -0163
8420
7
11 .. 8394 so .0043 .0163
16-8144 ~-10 ..q._ 0630
a 36,.70
3'!5- 40
00:56 - 016.3
9
23-0462 ~-3103 .0072 -0163
30.3571 .0089 -0163
10
MAX .. VERTI~ :ss.oo CAL.CULAJ;)0:35.86
39.0091 8.2469
Oc:m2
1. c:>9 .. 0163
REFUERZO .016.3
1. 1 ..
1~"')0 DEL REFUERZO
~LNCrPAL 8621
7- VERTYCAL XN,ERXOR: 40.48 cm2( Fierros de 1~>
1.6.3694 a
EN CARA
21.9139
REFUERZO HORIZONTAL SECUNDARIO
EN CARA INTERIOR: 2.84 cm2<28.3084
4 Fierros ' de 3/8"
cm2( :35.8556 Fierros de 1 /2" >
EN CARA EXTERIOR: 5-08 4
SMAX - t~.94
T/m2
T / .-nz
SM :C - S ...
N :~t:,
=======-==============.::===.========:.==::=:=~=a:=================:.:==:.:.::========
DI SENO - -
MQ CONTEr-.lC CP,.NT
. =-====== = := =. =
OPT :t
==== ====================
DE UN MUF:O DE
===== - =-======= =::--=== --
I: ON EN I LE,.~'E:F: -
.:=- == =-= === =
=--== =====
** ********
DATOS DE ***'***
EN?RADA
****************
DATOS DEL
RELLENO:
ANGULO DE INCLINACXON: Be-ta_.. 10-00 g:r-ados
ANGULO FR~C- RELLENO-MURO: ~l. ta-- 10.O grados
!
ES UNIT. ALTUF:A
TR A~G-FRICCION COHES.XQtlil PESOT/,n3 Mts-
AT '. grados T/...Z 1 - ec, 5-0
28-0C>
O 0-00
DATOS
N- ADICXO~ALES:
1 O. OC>
SOBRECARGA:
PESO ESPECI:FZCO DEL CONCRETO: Sc- 2-40 T/m2
RESIST.DEL QONCRETO 28 DJ:AS: P..- 210~00 T/m3
FL4ENCIA F~c-
DEL ACERO: 4200.00 Kg/c:m2
****SE CONSIQERA.EMPUJE PASIVO**** Kg/cm2
ALTURA DE EMPUJE PASIVO: Fy~ 1.. 20 Mts.
O=
DATOS DE BASE:
DEL SUELO
DE FRXCCXON: Fri.cb= 30-00
ANGULO Cohb= . 1-
grados
.COHESXON:
PESO 00 T/m2
UNITARIO: Gbase=
2-00
T/m3
a
l..O' DEL REFUERZO Ffi.:tNC.:tPAL
l-9 \/E:RT:ICAL 35- 42 c:m.2 e 7 Fi er-ros de 1,.
10 EN CARA XNTERJ:OR:
>
REFUERZO HORJ:Zc,t,,.ITAL.. SECUNDAR:CO
EN CARA INTERIOR: c:m2< 4
EXTERIOR: 2-84 Fierros de
c:m2<
EN CARA ~-PS 4 Fi er-ros det
REFUERZO VERTICAL SECUNDARIO
EN CARA EXTER.:IOR <DE MONTAJE>: 4 Fi errcns de 3/8,.
r C I EMTE OE SEGURIDAD CDNTF.;:A DESL I ZAt-1 I ENTO :t
-DE
COEF
F~iD= 1.
.SEGUE r DAD COf'-.lTF:A EL ".IOL
c.:OEF I e 2-70
TEO:
-..=.., -/-
I ENTE
ESFUERZOS MAXZ~O V MININO ACTUANTES:
FS"v'=
SMAX = 12-25 T/m2
SM:CN = 5. 78 T/n2
LA BASE=
LOSA