Convertors

Rectification
Introduction

AC to DC conversion

2 kinds of rectifier circuit;

Half Wave
Full Wave
 Half Wave Rectification

Full Wave Rectification

 Rectification can be;
Uncontrolled
Controlled

In uncontrolled we use diodes and in controlled, thyristors;

Half wave controlled rectification; Full wave;
 "Self-optimizing control is when acceptable operation under all conditions is achieved
providing constant setpoints for the selected controlled variables (without the need of re-
optimization) when disturbances occur [4]

Define quality of the operation in terms of a cost function J

Ideally J should be reoptimized in the presence of disturbances
Keeping CVs constant may move process inputs away from nominal optimum
Select those CVs which leads to smaller loss (i.e. acceptable)
 Inferential/Indirect control of composition has been considered
Key issue is the selection of suitable tray temperatures as CVs
Six alternative control structures have been tested
Some of them are taken from literature (CS1, CS2, CS3)
The procedure of self optimizing control will be explained for CS3

Manipulated Controlled
Control Structure Disturbances
Variables Variables
CS 1: LT, F0A, F0B RR, Tj1, T j2 VB, zFI
CS 2: LT, F0A, VB RR, Tj1, T j2 F0B, zFI
CS 3: LT, F0A, VB Tj1, T j2, T j3 F0B, zFI
CS 4: LT, F0A Tj1, LT/F0A F0B, VB, zFI
CS 5: LT, F0A, F0B Tj1, T j2, T j3 VB, zFI
CS 6: VB, F0A, F0B Tj1, T j2, T j3 LT, zFI
 Disturbance in Feed stream F0B
1 427 90

0.99 80
426.5

ol/sec)
X(C,B)

T4(K)
0.98 70

VB(m
426
0.97 60

0.96 425.5 50
0 50 100 150 0 50 100 150 0 50 100 150

0.98 395 35

0.975 30

ol/sec)
T8/T18(K)
X(I,D)

0.97 390 25

F0A(m
0.965 20

0.96 385 15
0 50 100 150 0 50 100 150 0 50 100 150

16 16 90

14 14 80

ol/sec)
ol/sec)

ol/sec)

12 12 70

LT(m
D(m

B(m

10 10 60

8 8 50
0 50 100 150 0 50 100 150 0 50 100 150
Time (min) Time (min) Time (min)