1.

1 Analysing The motion of Vehicles on Land

1.2 Speed, Velocity and Acceleration
1.3 Understanding the concept of inertia
1.4 Applying the concept of momentum
1.5 Synthesising the concept of pressure
1. Vehicles on land can be either engines
powered or engineless.
2. Vehicles by engines powered used gasoline
or petrol while by engineless used man-
energy or animal energy.
3. Bicycles are two-wheeled vehicles which
have pedal, chainwheels, handlebar and
calipers brakes.
1. Most engine-powered used an internal- combustion
engine which works by burning a mixture of gasoline
and air inside closed cylinders.
2. There are two types of stroke engine such as four
stroke and two stroke engine.
3. Four stroke engine either use petrol or diesel fuel.
4. Name of four stroke engine are :intake stroke,
compression stroke, power stroke and exhaust stroke
5. Figure 5.2 show the difference principles operational
between four stroke petrol engine and four stroke
diesel engine.
C:\Documents and Settings\HKM\My Documents\My Videos\RealPlayer Downloads\4 Stroke Single
Cylinder Engine - from Gyroscope.com.flv
C:\Documents and Settings\HKM\My Documents\My Videos\RealPlayer Downloads\4 stroke with -
Yahoo! Video.flv
C:\Documents and Settings\HKM\My Documents\My Videos\RealPlayer Downloads\4-stroke internal
combustion engine demonstration.flv
C:\Documents and Settings\HKM\My Documents\My Videos\RealPlayer Downloads\4 stroke with -
Yahoo! Video2.flv
Engine diesel Engine petrol

Diesel Petrol

No spark plug Have spark plug

No carburetor Have carburetor

Most efficiency Less efficiency

1. This engine commonly found in lower-
powered application such as small
motorbikes, motorboat and machines
cutting grass.
2. Only two types of stroke [ upstroke and
downstroke ] of the piston.
3. Figure 5.3 and 5.4 shows the
explanation about two stroke engine.
{ pg 114 }.
C:\Documents and Settings\HKM\My Documents\My Videos\RealPlayer Downloads\How Two-stroke
Engines Work.flv
1. The engine block called cylinder block [ house
the engines internal parts and provided the
foundation for pump, pulley and other
accessory parts ]
2. The more cylinders an engine has, the greater
is its power.
3. Internal combustion engines burn petrol or
diesel, creating gases that push pistons up and
down in a cylinder.
4. Then the powered will produce and
transferred from the engine to the drive sharf
of the wheels, via the gear box, enabling the
car to move. [pg 115 figure 5.5 ]
1. Speed and velocity is a measure of how fast
an object moves.
2. Speed only measure how far the object moves
on a given time but velocity measure how far
and the direction the object moves on a given
time.
3. Unit are in meter per second [m/s]
4. The equation for speed and velocity are :

Speed / Velocity = Distance (m )

Time ( seconds or s)

ms
1. The acceleration is measured in metres per
second [ ms]
2. The acceleration is the change in velocity
per time taken.[pg 119 example how to
calculate the acceleration ]
3. When the value of acceleration is negative
it means the object decelerates
 Inertia
Natural behaviour of the object to resist
changes in its original state whether static
or in motion.
 Passenger in a bus will move forward when
the bus suddenly stopped.
The bigger the mass, the bigger
is the inertia.
 A boat will continue to move forward even
we stop paddling
STRING
STRING

SAND
1. The use of safety belts.
2. The use of head rest in a car.
 Momentum is the product of mass and
velocity.

momentum = mass X velocity

The S.I unit for momentum is kgms-1

 Takrif: Hasil darab jisim dengan halaju
Momentum = Jisim X halaju
(kgms-1) (kg) (ms-1)

Semakin besar jisim sesuatu objek semakin besar

momentumnya.

Semakin besar halaju sesuatu objek, semakin

besar momentumnya
 Momentum ialah jisim sesuatu benda
bergerak darab halajunya.
Sebagai contoh, sebuah kenderaan yang
berjisim 100 kg bergerak dengan kelajuan
10ms-1.
Momentumnya ialah :-
100 x 10 = 1000 kgms-1
Momentum of an object is big if:

a). The mass is big

b). The velocity is high.
 Principle of conservation of momentum state
that in one collision, the momentum before
collision is equal to the momentum after
collision .
momentum = momentum after
before collision collision
 Menyatakan bahawa dalam
suatu perlanggaran, jumlah
momentum objek-objek
sebelum perlanggaran adalah
sama dengan jumlah
momentum objek-objek
selepas perlanggaran .
 Daya impuls: Daya yang bertindak ketika
perlanggaran berlaku// kadar perubahan
momentum
Daya impuls =
Momentum akhir momentum awal
Masa perlanggaran
 Saintis telah menyatakan satu prinsip yang
menarik berkaitan momentum.

"Prinsip Keabadian Momentum"

menyatakan bahawa jumlah
momentum 2 objek yang bergerak
adalah dikekalkan sehinggalah ia
diganggu oleh daya dari luar.
 Penemuan konsep momentum mempunyai kesan
yang mendalam terhadap kehidupan manusia.
Dalam sesuatu perlanggaran kereta, penumpang
yang lebih berat (berjisim tinggi) akan mengalami
kecederaan yang teruk. Reka bentuk bampar
kereta yang senang menyerap hentakan telah
menyelamatkan banyak nyawa. Walau
bagaimanapun kita hendaklah berhati-hati supaya
kemalangan tidak berlaku.
1. The passenger space is built with tough
material.
2. Front and the rear part of a car is built
from a collapsible material.
Tekanan ditakrifkan sebagai daya dibahagi luas.

Tekanan = Daya / luas (Nm-2)

Tekanan boleh dikurangkan jika kita menambah

luas permukaan kasut apabila berjalan dalam
lumpur. Ini boleh mengelakkan kita dari
terbenam dalam lumpur.
Tekanan juga boleh berlaku dalam cecair.
Penggunaan tekanan dalam bendalir menolong
dalam operasi sistem hidraulik.
 Semakin besar daya yang
dikenakan pada suatu
permukaan, semakin besar
tekanan dihasilkan
Semakin besar luas permukaan
suatu objek, semakin kecil
tekanan dihasilkan.
 Contoh konsep tekanan dalam
kehidupan harian:
Paku yang tajam lebih mudah diketuk
ke dalam bongkah kayu atau konkrit
Penerangan: Paku yang tajam
mempunyai luas permukaan sentuhan
yang lebih
Kecil dan akan menghasilkan tekanan
tinggi
 Kenderaan yang bergerak di kawasan Lumpur
mempnyai tayar yang lebar
Penerangan : Tayar yang lebar dapat
mengurangkan tekanan ke atas lumpur
Pisau yang tajam digunakan untuk memotong
daging
Penerangan: Pisau yang tajam mempunyai luas
permukaan sentuhan yang kecil dan akan
menghasilkan tekanan yang tinggi
Pemegang beg mempunyai jalur yang lebar
untuk dipegang
Penerangan: Jalur yang lebar dapat
mengurangkan tekanan ke atas tapak tangan
Blok
span
kayu
SEMAKIN
BESAR DAYA
SEMAKIN
BESAR
TEKANAN
 PEMBERAT PEMBERAT PEMBERAT
100G 300G 500G

BONGKAH SPAN
KAYU
JARAK JARAK JARAK
MAMPATAN MAMPATAN MAMPATAN
KECIL SEDDERHANA BESAR
 Pemberat 500g Pemberat 500g Pemberat 500g
PAKU PAKU
PAKU

PLASTERSIN

LUAS LUAS LUAS

PERMUKAAN PERMUKAAN PERMUKAAN
SEDERHANA KECIL BESAR

LEKUK DALAM LEKUK CETEK

LEKUK SEDERHANA
 Semakin kecil luar permukaan semakin dalam
lekukan yang terhasil

Semakin besar luas permukaan semakin

semakin kecil lekukkan yang terhasil.

SEMAKIN KECIL LUAS PERMUKAAN

SENTUHAN SEMAKIN BESAR TEKANAN YANG
DIHASILKAN
 Apabila sesuatu tekanan dikenakan keatas
bendalir, tekanan tersebut akan dipindahkan
sama rata dalam bendalir tersebut. Konsep
digunakan dalam sistem hidraulik.PRINSIP
PASCAL

Tekanan yang dikenakan keatas omboh kecil

akan dipindahkan ke omboh besar. Tekanan
yang dipindahkan ke omboh besar ini digunakan
untuk menggerakkan beban yang besar. Sistem
hidraulik digunakan dalam jek hidraulik
(digunakan untuk mengangkat lori bila tayar
rosak). Selain itu ia juga digunakan dalam
sistem brek lori.
 Pressure is defined as the force per unit of surface
area.
Pressure = force/surface area
S.I unit = Nm-2 @ Pa
The pressure that apply to the surface area
increases if :

a. A force increases
b. The surface area is reduced.
1. The sharp knife can cut easily because the
force that apply to the surface area is tiny
and produce a large pressure.

The sharp knife The blunt knife

3. A sharp nail is easier to
hammer compare to a blunt
nail
Problem solving:
0.2m
0.1m
0.5m
0.1m

a b

If the weight of the wood block is

20N, calculate the pressure that
applied to the surface area of the
table when the wood block is put on
the table in position (a) and (b)
 answer
a. Pressure = force/surface area
= 20N
0.2mX0.1m
= 1000Nm-2
b. Pressure = force/surface area
= 20N
0.1mX0.5m
= 400Nm-2
 PASCAL
PRINCIPLE

When a pressure exerts on a liquid, the pressure is

transmitted evenly throughout the liquid

Water
force
Hole
Piston
 The even transmission of pressure throughout
the liquid enables a smaller force at a
smaller piston to balance a greater force at a
bigger piston.
 Weight with bigger
Weight with small mass
mass

Cylinder Cylinder
with with
smaller bigger
piston piston

Figure : Smaller force at the smaller piston able to balance the bigger force at
the bigger piston
Pressure at small piston = pressure at big
piston

Force at small piston = Force at big

piston
Surface area of small piston Surface area of
big piston
 Hydraulic jack

Hydraulic brake
 In order for a vehicle to move on water,

- It must be able to float on water

- It must have forward thrust
- There must be a small water resistance
Torpedo shape
 When an object is immersed in a liquid, either
partially or fully, the upthrust force is equal to the
weight of the liquid displaced

thread

Eureka
can

water

stone Water
displaced
 PRINSIP ARCHEMEDES
Berat batu Berat Berat air dan Berat
(N) bikar (N)
Berat batu di 1.4 Berat bikar 0.8
udara kosong
Berat batu di 0.9 Berat bikar dan 1.3
dalam air air tersesar
Kehilangan 0.5 Berat air yang 0.5
berat ketara tersesat

Apabila sesuatu objek direndam dalam cecair

sepenuhnya atau sebahagian daya tujah keatas
adalah sama dengan berat air disesarkan
 Submarine
Submarine float
at the water The
submarine
surface
float

Sea water

Water is
drained
Water is away from
filled into the ballast
the ballast tank
tank

The ballast
tank is full
- Forces that enable vehicles to move in the
air are the upthrust and forward thrust
- Large upthrust is required to overcome the
weight of the vehicle
- Forward thrust is require to overcome the air
resistance so that the vehicle is able to move
forward
Compare and contrast the forces of motion generated by
the jet engine and the rocket
Jet engine Rocket
Similarities
Motion base on the principle of
conservation of momentum
Differences
Aerofoil wings Structure Built in many phases
Atmosphere Functional area Atmosphere and outer space

Kerosene Fuel Liquid hydrogen

From atmosphere Oxygen supply Liquid oxygen

Air compression and fuel Operation Only fuel combustion

combustion

Require a long runway Launching method Launched vertically upwards

 When the speed of a fluid increases, the
pressure of the fluid decreases or vice versa

Area of high speed air flow

(low pressure)

Upthrust Area of low speed air flow

(high pressure)
 The aerofoil-shaped of the wings of an
aircraft produces an upthrust.

Upthrust

Forward Drag
thrust

Weight