DESIGN & CONSTRUCTION OF

SUB TRANSMISSION, DISTRIBUION

LINES & SUB-STATIONS
Er. K.V. Surya Prakasa Rao, Former SE/APTRANSCO
Design of Electrical Sub
Transmission and
Distribution Lines
Design aspects Power Distribution System is
governed by Indian Electricity Rules.
Desired features of Power Distribution System are
Safety,

Quality supply to consumers

To follow Standards in Design Construction,

installation Protection, Operation and
Maintenance of electrical equipment and lines,
Substations
To lay down standard procedures and follow the

same with accountability to people

Voltages at which power is to be
Supplied
L.T. single phase consumers 240V
L.T. three phase consumers 415V
H.T. consumers 11,000V; 33,000V;
1,32,000V
Permissible Voltage
Variations:
Up to 650V supply + 6%
11KV and 33KV + 6% ; - 9%
132 KV + 10.0%; - 12.5%
220KV + 5%
Permissible Frequency Variation: + 3%
Pole sizes, spans and conduction

sizes for Length

Type of Pole
the lines
of
:
Voltage of Max Span
Pole Line (mts)
PSCC 9.1 meters 33KV 100
PSCC 8.0 meters 11KV 107
PSCC 8.0 meters 415/240V 67
Support Formation
Single Pole Support: 0 100 Deviation
Double Pole Support: 100 - 600 Deviation
Double Pole Support: 600 - 900 Deviation
 Conductor:
The table below gives sizes and other details of conductors standardized
for use in subtransmission and distribution system for various types of
lines. These are:
ACSR Aluminium Conductors Steel Reinforced
AAC All Aluminium Conductors
AAAC Aluminium
Voltage No. andAlloy Conductors
Diameter of Wire Type of Resistance /
Class Conductor KM
33 KV Lines 1. 7/3.35 mm (50 mm2) ACSR (AAAC) 0.5524 OHMS
2. 7/4.09 mm (80 mm2) ACSR (AAAC) 0.3712 OHMS
3. 6/4.72 mm + 7/1.57 mm (100 mm2) ACSR (AAAC) 0.2792 OHMS
11 KV Lines 1. 7/2.11 mm (20 mm2) ACSR (AAAC) 1.394 OHMS
2. 7/2.59 mm (30 mm2) ACSR (AAAC) 0.9289 OHMS
3. 7/3.35 mm (50 mm2) ACSR (AAAC) 0.5524 OHMS
LT Lines 1. 7/2.11 mm (20 mm2) ACSR (AAAC) 1.394 OHMS
2. 7/2.59 mm (30 mm2) ACSR (AAAC) 0.9289 OHMS
3. 7/3.35 mm (50 mm2) ACSR (AAAC) 0.5524 OHMS
4. 7/2.21 mm (25 mm2) AAC (AAAC) 1.306 OHMS
5. 7/3.10 mm (50 mm2) AAC (AAAC) 0.5524 OHMS
 Stay Wire:
Stay Wires are used for anchoring of power line
poles at dead ends and at angular locations. The
individual wire used to form stranded stay
wire is to be of Tensile grade 4 having minimum
tensile strength of 700 N / mm2 as per IS2141.
Three sizes have been standardized and are
No. of Wires & below:
tabulated Wire Dia Minimum Minimum
Const. (mm) Breaking Load Breaking Load
of Single - Wire of Line
Before Stranded Wire
Stranding (KN) (KN)
7 (6/1) 2.5 3.44 22.86
7 (6/1) 3.15 5.45 36.26
7 (6/1) 4.0 8.79 58.45
Factor of Safety:

The factor of safety

adopted is 2 with the

following
Working Load working loads:
on Wind Pressure
Pole Zone (where to be
used)
1.200 kg 50 kg / m2
2.300 kg 75 kg / m2
3.400 kg 100 kg / m2
 Wind Loads on conductors in Different
Wind - Regions
Code Size Conduc Wind Load in Kg. per meter run of
Mm tor conductor
Wind Region W.R. 75 kg / W.R.100 kg / W.R.150 kg /
50 Kg/m2 m2 m2 m2

Dog 6/4.72+ ASCR 0.472 0.757 0.943 1.415

7/1.57
Racoon 7/4.09 ASCR 0.409 0.613 0.818 1.227

Rabbit 7/3.35 ASCR 0.335 0.502 0.670 1.005

Weasel 7/2.59 ASCR 0.259 0.388 0.518 0.777

Squirrel 7/2.11 ASCR 0.211 0.316 0.422 0.633

Amt. 7/3.1 AAC 0.310 0.465 0.620 0.930

Gnat 7/2.21 AAC 0.221 0.331 0.442 0.663

Dog 7/4.26 AAAC 0.426 0.639 0.852 1.278

(equivalent)
Racoon 7/3.81 AAAC 0.381 0.572 0.762 1.143

Rabbit 7/3.15 AAAC 0.315 0.472 0.630 0.945

Weasel 7/2.5 AAAC 0.250 0.375 0.500 0.750

Squirrel 7/2.0 AAAC 0.200 0.300 0.400 0.600

 Ground Clearance:
Clearance above ground of the lowest conductor
(including guard wires) is to meet the following
conditions:
1. No conductor of an overhead line including service
lines erected across a street shall be at any part
there of be at a height less than:
a) For low & medium voltage line (i.e. up to 650 volts)
5.791 mts
b) For high voltage lines (up to 33 KV) 6.096
mts
2. Along a street:
a) For low& medium voltage lines
_5.486 mts
b) For high voltage lines(up to 33 KV) _
Ground Clearance:
Clearance from Building, Structure etc
a. The vertical clearance above building (from the
highest point) on the basis of maximum sag
shall not be less than (2.439 m) 8 ft for low and
medium voltage line (up to 650 volts) and (3.64
m) 12 ft for 11 and 33 KV line.
b. The horizontal clearance is to be 4 ft (1.219 m)
upto 11 KV line and 6 ft (1.820 m) for 33 KV
line.
i) It may be mentioned that for Railway crossing,
rules as prescribed by Railways are to be
followed
ii) Similarly the lines crossing or in proximity to the
Construction of
Lines
Construction Practice

The basic parameters for selection of materials

and standards, once decided will help in adopting
sound construction practices. Estimation of
materials labour and transport facilities, having
been assessed the materials should be made
available at site, required working gangs
(equipped with tools & tackles) should be formed
as and when required.
The voltages of concern are:
a) 33 KV sub-transmission line,
b) ll KV Primary distribution line
c) 415-240Volts Secondary distribution line
Survey of the Proposed
Route of Line
The first step to be taken prior to the design or
construction of any line is to conduct
reconnisiance survey of the country over which
the line is to pass. Topo sheet map of the area
which would indicate towns roads, streams/river,
hills, railway lines, bridges, forest areas,
telephones telegraph and power lines may be
taken and the approximate route of the line
marked on it. Before finalising the route, the
following parameters should be kept in mind:
1. The shortest route practicable.
2. As close as possible to the road for easy
maintenance and approach during the
construction.
3. Route in direction of possible future load.
4. Angle points should be less.
The areas to be avoided as far as possible
are:

(a) Rough and difficult country side.

(b) Urban Development area.
(c) Restricted access for transport
vehicles.
(d) Abrupt changes in line routes.
(e) Difficult crossing - river, railway.
(f) Proximity to aerodromes.
(g) Natural hazards like steep valleys, hills,
lakes, gardens, forests, playgrounds, etc.
 The route selected for a distribution line shall be
such that it will give the lowest cost
considered over a period of years, consistent with
accessibility for easy maintenance, etc. This
includes many considerations such as original
cost, tree trimming and compensation, freedom
from vehicular damages future development and
availability for services.
The lines should be routed wherever possible to
avoid natural obstacle such as steep hills or
valleys', swamps, lakes, thick forests, rivers, etc.
Lines should be so located at a safe distance from
buildings and from possible fire, proximity to
traffic and other hazards. Line shall not cross
school play grounds, cemetery, except under
special circumstances. Lines should be away from
the buildings containing explosives.
 Transportation contributes a major portion of
construction cost. As such while finalising the
route alignment, it may be ensured that due to
transportation cost should be as low as possible.
Transport of RCC/PCC poles pose greater problem
as they are generally heavier than other types of
supports for same duty. The RCC/PCC poles are
generally stronger on the longer axis than on
shorter axis. Care should be taken on this aspect
while handling, to prevent excessive stressing of
the pole at the time of transporting. The unloading
of poles from truck or trailer should also be done
carefully. Suitable skid boards must be used and
on no account, the poles be dropped. Several
utilities have special trucks made with side
loading arrangement for pole transportation or use
trailers. It is preferably to provide a chain pulley
block with a beam arrangement in the middle of
the truck body to facilitate unloading/loading of
poles. The poles should not be dragged on rough
surface, but transported in small hand-cart
Detailed Survey
(a) Preliminary Walk Over survey
(b) Detailed survey
 Having provisionally fixed the route, on the survey
map, a preliminary Walk Over survey is carried
out, before conducting the survey with ranging
rods. As far as possible, the line route is taken
through areas with minimum tree growth. If there
are alternative routes, all such routes are
investigated for final evaluation of the most
economic route.
It may be mentioned here that the detailed
survey can be carried out by theodolite and angle
points can be fixed and marked with survey
stones. A route map to a scale of 1 cm 0.5 km
can be prepared showing the various angles
approach roads, near the line, routes detail of
railways, communication lines, EHT line crossing,
river crossing,, etc. but this is not necessary in
case of small lines as the local staff usually is
conversant with the topography and therefore
marking of locations aligning the line with ranging
Right of Way
(a) Once the route of the line is fixed approval has
to be obtained,
From the railway authorities for Railway
Crossings.
From the competent Forest Authorities for
routing of the line in Forest areas.
From the State level Power Tele-communication
Coordination Committee (PTCC).
(b) In addition if there are urban development Air-
port and similar other areas falling in the route
of the line, permission has to be obtained.
( c) Sometimes private gardens/orchards may fall on
the route and require free cutting. The details of
trees are to be marked. Compensation be got
fixed from Revenue Authorities and paid to the
owner
Pole Locations :
In locating poles on lines, the following general principles are
to be kept in mind
1. Keep spans uniform in length as far as possible.

2. Locate to have horizontal grade

3. By locating the poles on high places short poles can be

used and will maintain proper ground clearance at the
middle of the span. In extremely hilly or mountainous
country, poles are located on ridges thereby increasing the
spans without greatly increasing the pull on the conductor.
This is possible because the sag can be made very large
maintaining the required ground clearance.
4. Poles should not be placed along the edges of cuts or
embankment or along the banks of creeks of streams
5. Cut-point for a section could be at 1.6 km length (except in
special cases), where Double-pole structures are to be
provided to take tension of the conductors. It may have
been already estimated that 10 supports (locations) are
mostly required in one km. length of H.T. lines and 15
supports for L.T. line
 Construction
The construction activity of H.T. lines may b& divided as
follows
(1) Pit marking, pit digging.

(2) Erection of supports and concreting.

(3) Providing of guys to supports.

(4) Mounting cross-arms, phi and insulators, and pin

binding.
(5) Paying and stringing of the conductor. .
(6) Jointing of conductors.

(7) Sagging and tensioning of conductors.

(8) Crossings.

(9) Guardings.

(10) Earthings.

(11) Testing and commissioning

For low tension lines the activities could be followed, with

simplified procedure.
Pit Marking and Digging
Procedure
After surveying, the pole location should be
marked with the peg. The pits should not be too
large than necessary, as otherwise, after erection
of the 'pole and filing there remains a possibility
of tilting of pole. For marking the pits, the
dimensions of the pit and the centre to centre
distance of pits are required. Pits having a
dimension of about 1.2 m x 0.6 m should be
excavated with its longer axis in the direction of
the line. The planting depth should be about
1/6 length of the support (1500 mm). Excavation
is generally done by using pickaxe crow bars,
and shovel, very hard or rocky soil may require
blasting of rock by small charges of gun
power, etc.
 Erection of Poles and
Concreting
After excavation of pits is completed, the supports/ poles to
be erected may be brought to the pit location by manual
labour or by cart. Then the pole may be erected inside the
pit.
Erection of poles can be done by using Bipod/ wooden horse
made of 15 cm G.I pipe and 6 m long. The spread of the
legs should be 10m. The tie wire for attachment of bipod to
the pole is about 6 m long and is made of 7/10 SWG. (3.15
mm) Stay wire and this wire should be attached to the pole
at 8 m. The pole is slid along the line route. The pole is tied
with 3 ropes.The rope at the bottom prevents the pole from
being dragged in the direction of the pull. To prevent the
support from moving side in raising, two guy ropes are fixed
on both sides and attached to temporary anchor. -
For smooth sliding and prefect placement of pole in the pit,
an inclined trench having15.2 cm (6 in.) width and 10.2 cm
(4 in.) length may be dug adjacent to the pit as shown
below.
A piece of M.S. channel may be placed in the inclined
position at the other end of the pit for enabling the pole to
The trench would facilitate the pole to skid
smoothly into the pit with jerks.

Pully

V3 from top of bipod

' ' -- "' ;ff y.|"V"J'.""'
The bipod is placed in position and attached to the
pole by means of tie wire. The pull for lifting the
poles is provided by rope pulley. When the pole
has reached at an angle of (35 to 40) the bottom
holding rope is slowly released. When the pole
assumes the vertical position, the holding ropes
should be tightened.
It should be ensured that the time of erection, four
men are at the ropes and the supervisor should be
at a distance for guiding correct position so that hi
the event of breaking of rope, if pole falls, it will
not result into an accident.
Before the pole is put into RCC padding or
alternatively suitable base plate may be . given
below the pole to increase the surface contact
between the poles and the soil. The padding will
distribute the density of the pressure due to
weight of the pole on the soil.
Having lifted the pole the same should be kept in
vertical position with the help of manila rope of
20/25 mm dia., using the rope as a temporary
anchor. As the poles are being erected say from an
anchor point to the next angle point, the
alignment of the poles should De checked and set
right by visual check. The vertical ties of the poles
are to be checked with a spirit level. After the pole
erection has been completed, and having satisfied
that the verticality and alignments are all right,
earth filling and ramming is to be done.
In swamp and special locations, before earth
filling, the poles are to be concreted up to the
Erection of DP Structure for Angle
Locations

For angles of deviations more than 10, DP

structure may be erected. The pit digging should
be done along the bisection of angle of deviation.
After the poles are erected, the horizontal/cross
bracing should be fitted and the supports held hi
a vertical position with the help of temporary
guys of Manila rope 20/25 mm dial
Ensuring that the poles are held in vertical
position (by spirit level) the concreting of poles
with 1:3:6 ratio may be done from bottom of the
support to the ground level. Before lifting the
pole in the pit, concrete padding of not less than
75 mm thickness may be put up for the
distribution of the loads of the support ojn the
soil or anchor plate could be used. .
Concreting
The concreting mixture 1:3:6 ratio,
would mean 12.8 bags of cement 100 Cft
of 1 1/2 size gitti and 50 Cft of sand. It
may be .noted that while preparing the
concrete mixture large quantities of
water should not be used as this would
wash away cement and sand
33 KV Line
(i) Provision at D.P. locations is for 6 guy-sets (20 mm Rod of
turn-buckle x 7/4 stay-wire, 8.5 kg in wt for each location).
The quantity of concrete at the rate of 0.5 cum for D.P.
locations and 0.3 cum for stay sets is 2.8 cum, irrespective
whether D.P. locations are of P.C.C. poles or Rail pole.

(ii) Provision for 8 tangent locations in a section of 1 km is for

3 Guy-sets. These will require 0.9 cmt of concrete @ 0.3
cum per Guy-set. A prefabricated base plate is to be
provided at the bottom of the P .C.C. support for uniform
distribution of load. If this is not provided then provision at
the rate OX)5.cm_of concrete per location for 8 locations
should be made for casting the base-pad before erection of
the P.C.C. support. Thus the total quantity of concrete
required is 1.3 cum. Tangent locations are not concreted in
several states but boulder 1 filling is carried out to
economies. If P.C.C. pole tangent locations are to be
concreted additional provision for concrete quantity is to be
made. However Rail pole or joist tangent locations (if Rails
or joists are used) should be concreted. Provision for
tangent location's concreting is to be at the rate of 0.5 cum
per location
llkVLine
The guys are made with 7/3.15 stay wire (5.5 kg)
turnbuckle rod is of 16 mm dia. 6 Guy-sets are
required at D.P. locations and 4 additional Guy-
sets are required in a km for 8 tangent-locations.
The quantity of concrete for Guy-sets is provided
at the rate of 0.2 cum per Guy-set. D.P. locations
of P.C.C. poles require 0.3 cum concrete per
location. Boulder filling of tangent locations could
be adopted. If concreting is done for tangent
locations additional provision at the rate of 0.3
cum per location should be made. Base-pad is to
be used if not additional provision for base^pad
concreting should be made
LTLine
15 locations are there in 1 km. Provision
for 9 guy-sets is made with 7/3.15 stay-
wire (5.5 kg), the turn-buckle M.S. rod is
of 16 mm dia. concrete quantity at the
rate of 0.2 cmt per stay-set should be
provided. Base pad should be used if not
additional provision for base pad-
concreting is to be made,
 Providing of Guys to Supports

In spite of careful planning and alignment of line route,

certain situations arise where the conductor tries to tilt
the pole from its normal position due to abnormal wind
pressure and deviation of alignment, etc. When these
cases of strain arise, the pole is strengthened and kept in
position by guys. One or more guys will have to be
provided for all support where there is unbalanced strain
acting on the support, which may result in
tilting/uprooting or breaking of the support.
Guy brackets or clamps are fastened to the pole. The
most commonly used form of guy is anchor guy. These
guys are provided at (i) angle locations (ii) dead end
locations (iii) tee off points (iv) steep gradient locations
and (v) where the wind pressure is more than 50 kg sq.
m.

The fixing of guys stays will involve (i) pit digging and
fixing stay rod (ii) fastening guy wire to the support (iii)
Tightening guy wire and fastening to the anchor. The
marking of guy pit, digging and setting of anchor rod
G.I. stay wires of size 7/3.15 mm (10 SWG) or 7/2.5 mm
(SWG 12), and 16 mm 720 mm stay rods are to be
provided. For double pole structure (DP), four stays along
the bisectional the each direction and two stays along the
bisection of the angle of deviation or as required
depending on the angle of deviation are to be provided.

After concreting back filing and ramming must be done

well and allowed 7 days to set. The free end of the guy
wire /stay wire is passed though the eye of the anchor
rod, bent back parallel to the main portion of the stay/guy
and bound after inserting, the G.I. thimble, where it bears
on the anchor rod. If the guy wire proves to be hazardous,
it should be protected with suitable asbestos pipe filled
with concrete of about 2 m length above the ground level,
painted with white and black strips so that, it may be
visible at night. The turn buckle shall be mounted at the
pole end of the stay guy wire so fixed that the turn buckle
is half way in the working position, thus giving the
maximum movement for tightening or loosening.
 Guy Strain Insulators
Guy insulators are placed to prevent the lower
part of the Guy from becoming electrically
energised by a contact of the upper part of the
guy when the conductor snaps and falls on
them or
due to leakage. No guy insulator shall be
located less than 3.50 mm (vertical distance)
from the
ground.,
A type of insulators are to be used for L.T.
Line-Guys
One C type of insulator is to be used for ll KV
Guys
Fixing of Cross-Anns & Top-
brackets
After the erection of supports and providing guys,
the cross-arms and top-brackets are to be
mounted on the support with necessary clamps
bolts and nuts. The practice of fixing the cross-
arms brackets before the pole erection is also
there. In case, these cross are to be mounted
after the pole is erected, the lineman should
climb the pole with necessary tools. The cross-
arm is then tied to,a hand line and pulled up
bytthe ground man through a pulley, till the
cross-arm reaches the line man. The ground man
should station himself on one side, so that if any
material drops from the top of the pole, it may
not strike him. All the materials should be lifted
or lowered through the hand line, and should not
be dropped.
Insulators and Bindings
Line conductors are electrically insulated
from each other as well as from the pole
or tower by non-conductors, which we
call 'Insulators'.
There are 3 types of porcelain insulator:

1. Pin type
2. Strain type
3. Shackle type
 The pin type insulators are generally used for
straight stretch of line. The insulator and its r.. pin
should be mechanically strong enough to
withstand the resultant force due to combined
effect , of wind pressure and weight of the
conductor in the span.
The strain insulators are used at terminal
locations or dead end locations and where the
angle of deviation of line is more than 10.
The shackle type of insulators is used for LT. lines.
The pins for insulators are fixed in the holes
provided in the cross-arms and the pole top
brackets. The insulators are mounted in their
places over the pins and tightened. In the case of
strain or angle supports, where strain fittings are
provided for this purpose, one strap of the strain
fittings is placed over the cross-arm before
placing the bolt in the hole of cross-arms. The nut
of the straps is so tightened that the strap can
move freely in horizontal direction.
Tying of Conductor on Pin
Insulators
Conductors should occupy such a position on the
insulator as will produce minimum strain on the
tie wire. The function of the wire is only to hold
the conductor, in place on the insulator, leaving
the insulator and pin to take the strain of the
conductor.
In straight line, the best practice is to use a top
groove insulator. These insulators will carry
grooves on the side as well. When the conductor
is placed on the top groove, the tie wire serves
only to keep the conductor from slipping out.
On corners and angles (below 5 deviation) the
conductor should be placed on the outside of the
insulators. On the far side of the pole, this pulls
the conductor against the insulators instead of
away from the insulator.,
Kind and Size of Tie Wire to
be used
In general the tie wire should be the same
kind of wire as the line wire i.e.,
aluminium tie
wire should be used with aluminium line
conductor. The tie should always be made
of soft
annealed wire so that it may not be brittle
and injure the line conductor. A tie wire
should never
be used for second time. Good practice is
to use no. '6' tie wires for line conductor,
(i) The length
of the wire varies from 1 m for simple tie
of a small insulators (Lt pin insulators) to 3
m (33 pin
 Rule of Good Tying
Practice
(i) Use only fully annealed tie wire.
(ii) Use that size of tie wire which can be readily handled yet
one which will provide adequate strength.
(iii) Use length of tie wire sufficient for making the complete
tie, including an end allowance for gripping with the hands.
The extra length should be cut from end if
the tie is completed.
(iv) A good tie should
(a) Provide a secure binding between line wire insulators
and tie wire.
(b) Have positive contacts between the line wire and the tie
wire so as to avoid shifting contacts.
(c) Reinforce line wire if the vicinity of insulator.

(v) Avoid use of pliers.

(vi) Do net use the wire which has been previously used.
(vii) Do not use hard drawn wires for tying.
Good helical accessories are available and can be used
Conductor Erection Paving and Jointing

Conductor erection is the most important phase in

construction. The main operations are :
(a) Transportation of conductor to works site.
(b) Paying and stringing of conductor.
(c) Joining of conductor.
(d) Tensioning and sagging of conductor.

The conductor drums are transported to the tension

location. While transporting precautions are to be taken so
that the conductor does not get damaged/injured. The drum
could be mounted on cable .drum support, which generally
is made from crow-bar and wooden slippers for small size
conductor drums. The direction of rotation of the drum has
to be according to the mark in the drum so that the
conductor could be drawn. While drawing the conductor, it
should not rub causing damage. The conductor could be
passed over poles on wooden or aluminium snatch block
mounted on the poles for this purpose.
 The mid span jointing is done through compression
crimping or if helical fittings are used the jointing could be
done manually. After completing the jointing, tensioning
operation could be
commenced. The conductor is pulled through come-along
clamps to stringing the conductor between the tension
locations. Sagging of conductor has to be in accordance to
the Sag Tension
chart. In order to achieve it, it is preferred to pull the
conductor to a tension a little above the theoretical value
so that while transferring it from the snatch blocks to the,
pit insulators and to
take care of temperature variation proper sag could be
achieved. Sagging for 33/11 kV line is mostly done by
"Sighting". A horizontal strip of wood is fixed below the
cross-arm on the pole at the required sag. The lineman
sees from other end and the sag is adjusted by increasing
or decreasing the tension. The tension clamps could then
be finally fixed and conductor be fixed onpin-insulators. All
fittings, accessories like guys, cross-arms, etc., could be
checked as they
Sagging and Tensioning
The conductor length in a section increases or decreases with
variation in atmospheric temperature. In summer when
temperature is high the length increases due to expansion and in
winter, when the temperature is low the length decreases due to
contraction. With increase in length, the conductor becomes
loose, sag increases and tension reduces, while in winter the sag
decreases, tension increases. The conductor has to be properly
keeping the required sag at the strung atmospheric temperature.
It is known that sag d = WI2/2T where I is half the span length, T
is-tension in the
conductor and W = V(w2+ww2), w is the weight of the unit length
of the conductor acting
vertically and ww is wind-pressure on the unit length of the
conductor acting horizontally. If we
design. The line for 75 kg/m2 wind-zonethen wind load on 1 m
length of the conductor and 2/3
projected Dia (Din mm) of the conductor ^
= [(2/3)x75]x(D/100)xlkg
 The line has to be designed to withstand the above load as
postulated by the I.E. Regulations. Hence it becomes
necessary to calculate the tension and sag under conditions
occurring at the time of erection. In practice the conductors
are hung over Aluminium rollers and pulled up through
ropes over snatch blocks for the required sag or tension and
then transferred to the insulators. The tension is not
measured as it requires elaborate arrangements and
difficult to measure it accurately, the sag is only measured.

There are two important factors which vary the sag and
tension : (i) Elasticity of the conductor and (ii) Temperature.
Sag is directly proportional to Wand inversely proportional
to T. If the length of the conductor increases due to
temperature increase then sag will increase. This may be
the case in summer, while it may be reverse in winter. The
tension accordingly decreases or increases.

In order that the sag and tension values under varied

working conditions may be kept according to the
regulations, Sag-Tension charts are prepared for different
spans and temperatures for ACSR, AAAC & AAC conductor.
Special Crossings
(A) In case the lines cross-over the other lines or buildings, safe
minimum clearances are to be maintained as per IE Regulations.
The clearances have been tabulated for this purpose under design
aspects. These clearances should be maintained. The crossings
could be for j
(i) Telephone/telegraph lines.

(ii) Buildings. .
(w) Lines of other voltages.

(iv) Roads, streets, other than Roads/Streets.

(B) River Crossing: Data for the highest flood-level should be

obtained 'for previous years. For medium voltage minimum
clearance of 3 m be kept over the highest floor level. Double pole
or 4 pole structure would be required to be specially designed,
depending upon the span and conductor size for the river
crossing. The structures should be located at such places that
they could be approached under flood condition, also. The
foundation of structures should be sound so that it may not get
eroded or damaged due to rain water
Guarding

Guarding is an arrangement provided for the lines,

by which a live conductor, when accidentally
broken, is prevented to come in contact with other
electric lines, telephone or telegraph lines, railway
lines, roads, and persons or animals and carriages
moving along the railway line or road, by
providing a sort of cradle below the main electric
line. Immediately after a live conductor breaks it
first touches this cradle guard of G.I. wires before
going down further. This, in turn, trips the circuit
breakers or H.T7L.T. fuses provided for the H.T7L.T.
lines, and the electric power in the conductor or
the line is cut off, and danger to any living object
is averted.
Guarding is not required for crossings of 66 kV and
higher voltage lines where the transmission line is
protected by fast acting, relay operated circuit
breaker of modern design with a tripping time of
even less than the order of 0.25 sec. from
occurrence of fault to its clearance. For all other
 The minimum height between any guard wire
and live crossing conductor shall not be less than
1 .5 m in case of a railway crossing.
The guarding consists of 2 G.I., bearer wires
strung between the two line supports, and G.I.
Cross-lacings connecting two-bearer wires at
definite intervals. The bearer fixed to the
guarding cross-arms on the line supports by
means of threaded eyebolts for proper
tightening. In minor L.T. Lines, only two guard-
stirrups 600 mm long on either side are normally
used with
single G-.I. wire cross-lacing on either side, as a
measure of economy. Due to electrification of
railway-tracks nowadays, 1 1 kV & L.T. crossings
have to be through under-ground cables.
Earthing
Earthing shall generally be carried out in accordance with the
requirements of Indian Electricity Rules, 1956 and the relevant
regulations of the Electricity Supply Authority concerned and as
indicated below:
1 All metallic supports shall be earthed.
2. For RCC/PCC poles the metal cross-arms and insulator pins shall be
bonded and 5 earthed at every pole for HT lines and at every
5th pole for L T lines.
3 All special structures on which switches, transformers, fuses, etc.,
are mounted should be earthed.
4 The supports on either side of the road, railway or river crossing
should be earthed.
5 All supports (metal, RCC/PCC) of "both HT and L T lines passing
through inhabited areas, road crossings and along such other
places, where earthing of all poles is considered desirable from
safety considerations should be earthed.
In special locations, railway and telegraph line crossings, special
structures, etc., pipe/rod earthing should be done.
At other locations the coil earthing may be adopted. The coil
earthing consists of 10m length of 8 SWG. G.I. wire compressed into
a coil 450 mm length and 50 mm dia and buried 1500 mm deep.
Anti-climbing Devices
In order to prevent unauthorised persons
from climbing any of the supports of HT
& L T lines without the aid of a ladder or
special appliances, certain anti-climbing
devices are provided to the supports.
Two methods generally adopted are (i)
barbed wire binding, for a distance of 30
to 40 cm a height of 3.5 to 4 m from
ground level, (ii) clamps with protruding
spikes at a height of 3 to 4m.
Testing and Commissioning

When the line is ready for energisation, jt should.be

thoroughly inspected in respect ofthe following.

1. Poles-Proper alignment, concerting and muffing.

2. Cross-arms-Proper alignment.

3. Binding, clamps and junipers - To check whether these are

hi reach.
4 Conductor and ground wire - Proper sag and to check
whether there are any cuts, etc.
5 Guys : To check whether the Guy wire is tight and whether
the Guy insulators are hi
6. Earthing System: To check whether the earthing
connections of supports and fittings are intact. Measure
earth resistance with earth tester.
 After the visual inspection is over and satisfied, the
conductor is tested for continuity/ ground, by means of
megger. At the time of testing through megger person
should not climb on the pole or touch the guarding,
conductor, guy wire etc.
(1) Before charging any new line, it should be ensured that the
required inspection fee for the new line is paid to the
Electrical Inspector and approval obtained from him for
charging the line.
(2) The line should be energised before the authorised officer.
(3) Before energising any new line, the officer-in-charge of the
line shall notify to the workmen that the line is being
energised and that it will no longer be safe to work on line.
Acknowledgement of all the workmen hi writing should be
taken in token of having intimated them.
(4) Wide publicity by Tom-toming should be arranged hi all the
localities through which the line, that is to be energised
passes, intimating the time and date of energising and
warning public against the risk hi meddling with the line.
(5) The Officer-in-Charge of the line shall personally satisfy
himself that the same is in a fit state to be energised.
Functional Responsibility

A model for functional responsibility is

attached for Divisions/Sub Divisions /
individuals. This could be drawn on the
basis of responsibility by the
organisation (Department).
Sl. Particular of Works Sub Division Division
No
Constn Gang AE (CSD) EE ( O & M) EE ST/RE (Const)
Head
1 Preparation and sanction of estimate - - X -
2 Issue of Work Order - - X -
3 Survey and routing - X - Supervision
4 Forest Clearance - - - X
5 PTCC Approval - - - X
6 Marking of pole location - X - Supervision
7 Identity of materials - X - Supervision
8 Material lifting - X - Supervision
9 Entry of materials received in register - X - Checking
10 Shifting of material to the site - X - Supervision
11 Pit digging and pole erection X Supervision - Sample Check
12 Fixing of V cross arm top clamp and DC cross arm X Supervision - Sample Check
13 Fixing of insulators X Supervision - Sample Check
14 Fixing of stays /Guays X Supervision - Sample Check
15 Stringing of conductor X Supervision - Sample Check
16 Fastening of conductor with insulators X Supervision - Sample Check
17 Guardining at crossing X Supervision - Sample Check
18 Fixing of danger Board X Supervision - Sample Check
19 Pole painting and numbering X Supervision - Sample Check
20 Fixing of anticlimbing device X Supervision - Sample Check
21 Connecton of earth X Supervision - Sample Check
22 Test charge of the line X Supervision - Sample Check
23 Preparation of completion report X Supervision - Sample Check
24 Handling over to O &M X Supervision - Sample Check
Sl. No Particular of Works Sub Division Division
Constn Gang Head AE (CSD) EE ( O & M) EE ST/RE (Const)
1 Preparation, Sanction of estimate - - X -
2 Issue of work order - - X
3 Survey and routing X Supervision - Sample check
4 Marking of pole location X Supervision Sample check
5 Identity of materials - Sample check

6 Lifting of material - Supervision

7 Entry of materials to the site - check
8 Shifting of materials to the site - supervision
9 Pit digging and pole erection X Supervision Sample check
10 Fixing of LT cross arm with shackle X Supervision Sample check
insulators and earth
11 Fixing of stays /Guys X Supervision Sample check
12 Stringing of conductor X Supervision Sample check
13 Fastening of conductor with insulators X Supervision Sample check
14 Guardining at crossing X Supervision Sample check
15 Fixing of danger board X Supervision Sample check
16 Pole painting and numbering X Supervision Sample check
17 Earth connection X Supervision Sample check
18 Test charge of the line - Sample check
19 Preparation or completion report - Sample check

20 Handing over to ( O & M) - checking

REC has standardized the following sizes and types of supports for
11 KV and LT lines

Type Length Voltage Max Spn Type of With or

without
earth wire
PCC 7.5 Mt 11 KV 107 Triangular Without
earth wire
PCC 8.0 Mt 11 KV 107 Triangular With
earthwire
PCC 7.5 Mt 415/240 V 107 Horizantal With
earthwire
PCC 8.0 Mt 415/240 V 67 Vertical With
earthwire
 Stringing of the Line conductor

REC has standardized the following sizes of conductors for 33 KV, 11 KV and LT lines

Voltage Class No. and Diameter of wire Type of conductor

33 KV Lines i) 7/3 .35 mm (50 mm2) Al ACSR

ii) 7/4.09 mm (80 mm2) Al ACSR

iii) 6/4.72 mm + 7/1.57 mm (100 ACSR

mm2)

11 KV Lines i) 7/2.11 mm( 20 mm2) ACSR

ii) 7/2.59 mm (30 mm2) ACSR

iii) 7/3.35 mm (50 mm2) ACSR

LT Lines i) 7/2.11 mm ( 20 mm2) ACSR

ii) 7/2.59 mm (30 mm2) ACSR

iii) 7/3.35 mm ( 50 mm2) ACSR

iv) 7/2.21mm (25 mm2) AAC

v) 7/3.10 mm (50 mm2) AAC

COIL EARTHING
Earthing Spiral

Bentonite power
PIPE/ROD EARTHING
COIL EARTHING
Earthing Spiral

Bentonite power
PIPE/ROD EARTHING
 Construction Standard
EARTHING ARRANGEMENT F-5
Transformer Body /AB Note:
Handle /Earth 1. The connections To The Three_earth Electrodes
Terminal of Pole Should Be As Follows;
(a).To one of The Earth Electrodes On Either Side Of
Double Pole Structure (X OR Y)
(1).One Direct Connection From Three 11Kv Lightning
J2 Arresters.
(11).Another Direct Connection From The L.T Lightning
Arresters, If Provided
6500mm 6500mm (b).To Each Of The Remaining Two Earth Electrodes.
(1). One Separate Connection From The Neutral (On The
Medium Voltage Side ) Of The Transformer
(11). One Separate Connection From The Transformer.
2400mm (111) One Separate Connection From The
Earthing Terminal Of The pole
J2 2. 4mm (8Swg)G.I.Wire Should Be Used For Earth
J2 Leads.
Neutral All Dimensions in mm
6500mm HV/LV
Lightening
arresters

11KV /433-250V Distribution

Substation
Location Of Earth Pits And
Connections
33KV and 11KV Line Maintenance
Required to minimize interruptions and improve efficiency of power
supply.

OH lines be inspected periodically for maintenance purpose to detect

any fault & repairs should be programmed.

OH lines be patrolled periodically at intervals (say 1month) at ground

level while line is live.

Pre mansoon inspection should be programmed before mansoon.

Nature of faults-
loose sags, snapping of conductors, tree branches touching line
conductors, tilting of cross arms, insulator failures (puncture) etc
1.Generation
2.Transmission
3.Sub transmission
4.Distribution
1. Power Station Stepup Sub Station
2. Primary transmission line
3. Grid Sub Station
4. Secondary transmission line
5. HV Sub Station Primary Distribution
line
6. Primary Distribution Line
7. Distribution transformer Station
8. Secondary Distribution Lines
Classification of Distribution
System
Type of Electric System -> AC or DC ; if
AC single Phase or Polyphase
Type of Delivery System-> Radial, loop
or network; Radial Systems include
duplicate or throw over systems
Type of construction: over load or
underground
Principal features desired ->
Safety, smooth and Even flow of Power ;
Economy,
Primary Distribution.
Secondary Distribution.
 There are three different ways
through which the primary
distribution lines can be laid

1. The radial Primary circuit

2. The loop primary circuit
3. The ring main system
When power in supplied to the consumers
through the secondary distribution
system one of the following
arrangements used

1.Radial System
2.Looped System
3.Net work system
The main purpose of
planning is
1. to make the system economical while
conforming to electricity rules of the
country/state.
2. to minimize looses and maintain
regulations within the permissible
limits
 For proper planning of a distribution
system load survey and load fore casting
of area are necessary.
In planning of an electrical distribution
system it is necessary to know three basic
things.
The quanitity of the product or service desired (
per unit of time)
The quality of the Product or service desired
The location of the market and the individual
consumers.
 Connecting loads.
Lighting loads
Power loads
Heating loads
Electronic loads
Consumer factors.
Maximum Demand
Demand factor
Load factor
Diversity factor
Utilization factor
Power factor
Over Head Lines:
The rules have seen framed for
Safety
Providing quality service to the people
to lay down technical parameters and
specifications of materials to follow
standards in construction, installation
protection, operation & maintence.
to follow laid down principles &
procedures with accountability to people.
The main features fo O.H lines
in the rules are
Supports - Factor of safety 2 to 3.5
Conductors - Factor of safety 2.0
Stay wires, Guard & Bearer wires - 2.5
Wind load - 50 to 100 Kgs/m2 ( 150
Kg/m2)
 a)Ground clearances
Across Street Along Street Else where

i) up to 650V 5.791 mt 5.486 mt 4.572 mt

ii) 650 V to 33 KV 6.096 mt 5.791 mts 5.182 mt

Vertical clearances above Horizontal clearances

buildings
i) up to 650V 2.439 mt ( 8ft) 1.219 mt( 4 ft)
ii) 650 V to 33 KV 3.64 mt (12ft) 1.82 mt ( 6ft)
 Temperatures -
Voltage Regulation -
Frequency Variation -
Maximum clearance between supports
Earthing
Lightning Protection
Insulator & Insulator fittings
Protection.
Planning the 33/11 KV Sub
Station
Involves the following Steps:
1. Tentative location based on available
data of the 11 KV Network
2. Capacity of the Sub Station
3. Selection of site
Orientation of the Sub Station
Planning of the Sub Station
Main equipments of Sub Station
are 1. Structures
2.Power Transformers

3. A) Circuit Breakers
B) HT fuse (HG Fuses)
4.Isolating Switches (Isolators)

5.Bus Bar arrangements

6.Insulators

7.Lightening arrestors

8.Instrument transformers

a) Current transformers
b) Potential transformers
9.Control and relay panels with relays, meters etc.,

10.Battery and Battery chargers

11.Cables

i) Power Cables
ii) Control Cables
12.Earthing arrangement
13.Station Transformer
14.Control room
15.Communication Equipment
16.Fencing, Retaining wall
BASIC CONCEPT OF PLANNING

Awareness of the causes and their effects

itself would reduce the system
irregularities to some extent. All these
difficulties ultimately lead to a low voltage
profile in the system.
The poor voltage profile causes loss of
equipments and energy. Thus,
maintenance of the voltage profile to keep
the consumer voltage at the declared
level allowing the deviation within the
permissible limits would keep the losses at
control. The consumer voltage may be
kept at the desired level by controlling one
or more of the following variable on which
1. The voltage received at the grid sub-station
2. The range of tap changing gear available with the power
transformers at the grid sub-station
3. The percentage impedance of the power transformer at the grid
sub-station
4. The voltage drop in the sub-transmission line (33 K.V. or 66 K.V.
lines)
5. Tap available with the transformer at the primary distribution sub-
station (PDS)
6. The percentage impedance of the transformer at the PDS vii) vii)
The voltage drop in the primary transformers feeders
7. The percentage impedance of the secondary distribution
transformers and taps available with them
8. The voltage drop in the secondary distribution feeders
9. The voltage drop in the joints
10. Voltage regulators/booster and/or capacitors installed in the
system
GUIDELINES FOR PLANNING
The following guidelines may be
followed while planning secondary
distribution system expansion or new:
1. Study the area carefully and estimate the load
densities, present and future.
2. Select the transformer size and conductor size
from the result of the optimization studies with
due consideration for the existing sizes.
3. Estimate the present status of the system with
respect of voltage regulation and losses
4. Estimate the optimal length of the feeders and
the optimal loading limit.
5. Mark the feed area for each secondary
distribution sub-station
6. Determine the load centre
7 In the case of the existing distribution system, if
the transformer is not in the load centre, follow
the following procedure:-
Check the length of the feeders from the load centre to
the far-end points and compare with the optimal lengths.
If the length is more than the optimal ones, do not try to
shift the transformer to the load centre
Taking the optimal feeder length into consideration,
divide the area into different feed area zones .
Determine the load centre of the different load Feed
area zones, following the procedure suggested in
appendix.
If the existing location of the transformer does not fall
into one of these centres, then shift die transformer to
the nearest centre and provide new transformers at the
other centres.
Modify the feeder layouts, keeping them as straight as
possible and the lengths within optimal limits
Operating instructions shall
contain:
1. The designation of all the officers concerned to
be intimated in the event of abnormal situation
of any equipment /line and their telephone
numbers.
2. General duties of the operator, the various
checks he has to perform on various equipment
in shift.
3. Telephone number, and addresses of 'Fire'
'Ambulance1 'Hospitals' in addition to the
telephone number of all officers.
4. Single line layout of sub-station route map of
each feeder indicating cut points, roads,
crossing etc.,
5. Detailed break down operations of lines.
Example of Operation Instruction of
Lines/Equipments
CASE I 11 KV FEEDER

00.00 11 KV Feeder 'A' Trips note relay indications; Reset

00.01 Charge the Feeder If OK, supply is restored temporary
fault is cleared If trips, note Line relay indications, reset
00.03 Charge the Feeder,
If OK, Temporary fault is cleared supply is restored,
If trips, note the relay indications and reset
Examine the switch yard for any visible fault, If no fault is
noticed, open line isolator.
00.04. Charge lne OCB if OK, Trip the OCB,
Close the line isolator charge the feeder.
If OK Temporary fault is cleared, supply is 2: restored if trips,
note the relay indication & declare the feeder faulty. Inform all
the
officers concerned.
if the breaker trips at the time of test charging
the same, inform maintenance staff. In case, if at any time of
test charging the feeder, the power - transformer H.V. L.V. or
group control or incoming trips, declare the feeder faulty
CASE II
00.00 33 KV feeder breaker (p) Trips at 132 KV sub station 'M'
00.01 Note the relay indications, reset, charge the feeder, If OK supply is
restored. If trips note relay indications, reset
00.03 Charge the feeder If OK supply is restored If Trips note relay
indication, open line isolator.
00.08 Charge the OCB, If trips, inform maintenance personnel for
rectification If OK, hand trip the OCB close line isolator charge the
feeder. If OK supply is restored, if trips proceed as
follows:
Contact Station 'A'
Ask the operator to open incoming isolator and 33 KV out going line
isolator Ask him to examine the switch yard and report.
If OK ask operator at 'A' to restore supply to the station 'A' and inform,
If at the time of charging any 11 KV feeder at station 'A' of the 33 KV
breaker 'P1 trips, isolate the 11 KV feeder, restore normalcy. If
operator 'A' confirms that station 'A1 is normal, contact station 'B'
operator, Ask him if the switch yard is normal. Ask him to open in-.
coming 33 KV line isolator after 'B'-l is opened hand trip 'P' ask
operator at 'A' to close outgoing isolator A-2.
Charge the feeder.
If OK supply is restored
If trips, declare 33 KV line between ASB is faulty
CASE III
Power Transformer Trips on
(A) Winding Temperature
(B) Bucholtz Relay
(C) Differential Relay
(D) O/L Relay
A WINDING TEMPARATURE :
Note the winding temperature is more than the set temperature?

If so, is the transformer overloaded? If sot

reduce the load on the transformer.

.Are the cooler fans, oil pumps functioning satisfactorily?

Is fuse blown out in Fan/Pump? If so, rectify.

Ts there any shortive between the contacts of

winding temperature relay due to vermin or ingress 'of moisture, if

so take remedial action.
B Bucholtz Relay:
Isolate the power transformer check bucholtz relay, is there any
gas collected, if so arrange for testing. If not check any shorting of
the contacts Megger the power transformer close HV/LV breakers.
If OK hand trip, inform maintenance personnel for check up
C Differential Relay
Isolate the power transformer inform maintenance personnel for
detailed check
D O/L Relay.
Check if any feeder relays indication is received without the feeder
breaker tripping isolate the feeder. Check the yard. If ok check is
power transformer is overloaded.
GUIDELINES FOR
ERECTION OF EQUIPMENT
IN THE SUB STATIONS
Guide Lines of Erection
of Power Transformers in
33/11KV Sub Stations
The erection of Power Transformers comprises of following
Works :

Unloading of Transformer form Tractor

Trailer/Lorry at the Sub Station.
Stacking aside wherever the Power Transformer
plinth etc are not ready.
Moving the transformer on to plinth
Assembly of all the mounting , accessories etc.,
Filling and topping up of transformer oil
Oil circulation through filter if required.
Earthing
Jumpering
 Unloading of Transformer form Tractor Trailer/Lorry at
the Sub Station :. Generally the higher capacity Power
Transformers are sent from the manufacturer duly
dismantling, conservator tank Radiators, Piping etc. in
either tractor trailor or lorry. For unloading the main
tank from the vehicle we may use a suitable crane or
do manually. When manual unloading is done, the
following T & P and equipment are required.

Wooden Sleepers 8 to 12 length, 12 width, 6 or 8 thick 40

Nos
10 Ton tirfur with rope -1
20 ton winch with rope -1
5 Ton Chain Pulley block -1
2 Ton Chain Pulley block -1
Hydraulic Jacks 10 Tons Capacity - 4 Nos
Wire rope size - 20 Mtrs
Manila rope of different sizes & lengths
Crow Bars
Rail Poles minimum 20 ft length- 4 Nos
General T & P
Plat form up to the height if tractor trailor/ lorry is
to be built up with wooden sllepers. By using
hydraulic jacks, the main tank is to be lifted on all
sides to a height so that the rail poles can be in
serted at the bottom of main tank and main tank
rests on rail poles The other end of poles are to
be on the wooden sleeper plat form Now with the
help of winch or tirfur the transformer main tank
will be dragged on rail poles up to wooden sleeper
plat form. When the main tank could be dragged
correctly over the platform, with the help of
hydraulic jacks the transformer main tank is
raised slightly and rails are removed, The main
tank is (lowered to one sleeper height by slowly
removing the top sleepers on e after another).
During removal of sleepers following step by step
operations are done.
1. Keep two jacks under jack pads of transformers along the top sleeper ( Which is
be removed one jack each on either and of sleeper)
2. Operate the Jacks so that lifting pad of jacks are tightly positioned under
transformer jack pads
3. Now slowly pressurize jacks equally on both sides simultaneously so that one side
of the transformer tank is raised slightly to enable to draw out the sleeper.
4. Now Place the wooden packing pieces one over the other by the sides of Jacks up
to jack height
5. Now remove the sleeper slowly with out hitting the jacks
6. Slowly lower the transformer tank, by releasing pressure in jacks slowly (both
simultaneously) and removing the packing pieces one after another
7. Now remove the Jacks, when the side of transformer is securely resting on the
next bottom sleepers
8. Now place the jacks on the other side of the power transformer tank and carry
pout above operation and remove other side sleeper also.
9. After the transformer tank lowered to the height of one sleeper height, then
sleepers are to be placed along the rout to the plinth on which PTR is to be
erected.
10. ON the sleepers rail poles are to be kept duly inserting under the tank and
transformer tank is to be dragged close to the plinth.
11. After dragging the transformer tank nearer to plinth the transformer tank is to be
raised to the level slightly above the plinth top level by using sleepers &
Hydraulic jack
12. Then the Power Transformer tank is to be dragged on to the plinth slowly with the
help of rail poles and winch tirfor.
13. When the transformer tank is correctly positioned placed on the plinth further
work is to be taken up.
Assembling of Transformer fittings ,
Mountings

The radiator dummy plates are to be

removed and ensured that no foreign
material, moisture is accumulated in the
radiators, the radiators can be fitted by
using sleepers, Jacks/ Chain pulley block.
The radiator valves shall be inclosed
position only
Conservator tank is to be fixed by lifting
the same suitably
Slicagel breather, vent pipe, Bucholtz
relay thermometes are to be fixed on to
the power transformer
 Filling /toping Up of oil : Now New filtered tested
Transformer oil is to be filled in to transformer
through suitable clean pump & pipes slowly
through one of the top valves while filling oil
slowly open bottom valve and air releasing
dummy of one radiator. When oil is filled up to
top of radiator then close the air releasing
dummy immediately open top valve of radiator.
In the same way all the radiators are to be filled
and conservator tank is filled up to 50% level
approximately.
Then release the air once from all air releasing
points.
Checkup oil level in the OLTC unit
Then earthing and jumpering is to be done as per
standards.
Erection of Breakers
Before Erection of Breaker, suitable plinths are to be
constructed duly embedding the foundation bolts as
per distances specified in the manual of the breaker
Once the curing period of plinth is completed and
plinths are perfectly cured, first the mounting
structures of the breaker is to be placed on plinth in
position. Then the breaker is to be brought near to
plinth on rail poles or MS Channels, lifted & erected
with the help of chain pulley bock & ropes. During
erection of Breaker for tying the Breaker to ropes
lifting ring ears provided on the breaker are to be
used but not bushings or bushing collar frames
CT base channels are to be fixed and CTs are to be
positioned on the channels already fixed
Jumpering from Bus Isolators to Breaker; Breaker to
CTs ; CTs to line Isolators is done with Panther
Conductor through suitable clamps.
Double earthing of Breaker body & CT Body is to be
done.
Erection of PTs, L Ass, CTs :
Before erection of these equipment base
dimension, distances between mounting
holes are to be noted.
Suitable holes are to be drilled in seating
structure on which the equipment is to
be erected.
The equipment is to be lifted by using
lifting holes provided to the equipment
with the help of chain pulley block manila
rope
After positioning on the channels the
base is to be fixed to base channel with
suitable coated or GI bolts, Plain washers
spring washers and double nuts
Earthing & Jumpering is to be done as
EARTHING SYSTEM -
MAINTENANCE
 Earthing Systems:
Electrical earthing is designed primarily to render electrical installation safe. The
purpose of earthing are :
1. Protection to the plant
2. Protection to the personnel and
3. Improvement in service reliability
Non- current carrying parts with conducting surface such as tanks of Power
Transformers, and frame work of circuits breakers, structural steel work in
switch yard instrument transformer cases, lightning arresters and armored
cables armoring should be effectively grounded for protection of equipments
and operating personnel. Earth connections of all equipments should be
made in duplicate.
Connecting lead should have sufficient current carrying capacity.
L A s should have independent earth electrode which should be inter connected
to the station grounding system.
All paints, enamel, seals should be removed from the point off contact of metal
surfaces before earth connections are made.
The resistances of earth system should not exceed 2 ohms for 33/11 KV Sub
Stations.
But in the sub stations of Distribution companies Earth resistance Maximum of 1
Ohm is maintained.
Suitable grounding mat should be provided in the sub station yard.
In a Sub Station the following shall be earthed.

The neutral point of the systems of different

voltages which have to be earthed.
Apparatus, frame work and other non-current

carrying metal work associated with each

system, for example transformer tanks, switch
gear frame work etc.,
Extraneous metal frame work not associated

with the power systems, for example,

boundary, fence, steel structures etc.,
The earthing Means connecting of Electrical
equipment, machinery or an electrical system
with the general mass of earth is termed as
earthing or grounding
FUNCTION OF AN EARTHING SYSTEM

A Sub Station earthing system has to satisfy

four requirements:
The earthing system must provide an
environment which is free from the possibility of
fatal electric shock.
The earthing system must provide a low
impedance path for fault and earth leakage
currents to pass to earth.
The earthing conductors must possess sufficient
thermal capacity to pass the highest fault current
for the required time
The earthing conductors must have sufficient
mechanical strength and corrosion resistance.
Earthing can be broadly divided as :

System Grounding ( System Earthing)

Equipment Grounding (Safety
Grounding)
System Grounding:

It is a connection to the ground of a part of the

plant forming part of the operating circuits for
example the star point of the transformer or the
neutral conductor. The grounding of the lighting,
arrestors also comes under the head of system
grounding. The provision of system ground
reduces to considerable extent the magnitude of
the transient over voltages and there by
increases the life of electrical equipment besides
minimizing the services interruptions.
Thus the fundamental purpose of system ground
is the protection of installation and improvement
in quality of service. The system ground also will
ensure the safety of the personnel to some
extent, as it helps to clear the fault speedily.
Safety Grounds (Equipment Grounding)

It is a connection to the ground of non-current carrying parts of

the equipments like Motors, Transformer Tanks, Switchgear
enclosures, Metallic enclosures of all electrically operated
equipments and also the installations used to carry/ Support
electrical equipments. The frames of the equipments, if not
earthed when come into contact accidentally with live parts will
have potential with reference to the ground. The potential
difference, when shunted between the hands and the feet of a
person touching the frame, produces current through the body
which can result in a fatality. By connecting body which can result
in a fatality. By connecting the frames to a low resistance ground
system, a sufficiently high current will flow into the ground when
accidentally the live parts of the equipment / Machinery touch the
frames, and consequently saves the operating personnel from
fatal accidents.
Thus the equipment grounding is basically intended to safeguard
to a great extent from the hazards of touch voltages. The safety
ground is so designed that the potential difference appearing
between the frames and the neighboring ground is kept within
safe limits.
Separation of system and safety grounds:

During ground fault conditions, the fault current

flows via the system ground. When the system
and safety grounds are inter connected, the fault
current flowing (via) the system ground rises the
potential of the safety ground. Also the flow of
current to safety ground results in hazardous
potential gradient in and around sub station. In
view of the above it is some times suggested that
separate system and safety grounds will avoid
the danger arising due to potential gradients.
The idea is that by connecting the system ground
to a separate earthing system situated in a in
accessible spot, the ground fault current does not
flow through the safety ground. However, this
separate system of grounds has many
disadvantages and can be more hazardous as
mentioned below
 With separate grounds we can avoid danger due
to potentials only for faults outside the stations.
Short circuit currents will be more if the fault
occurs in the sub stations.
The resistance may be more and in some cases
sufficient currents may not flow to operate the
relays.
For effective separation of the earthing
systems, the system ground shall be installed at
a distance of at least twice the diagonal length
of the sub station which is covered by safety
grounding. The neutral of the transformer has
to be connected to this remote earthing by
means of insulated leads. Even with this
arrangement one cannot always be sure about
the complete isolation of the two systems and
there is always a chance of inadequate
electrical connection through buried neutral
pipes etc., Hence, this is impracticable,
complicated and costly. It is therefore a
common practice to install a common grounding
System Earthing

System earthing is governed by provisions of

Rule - Of I.E Rules, 1956. Unearthed systems
have been tried and due to the phenomenon of
Arcing Grounds associated with them, theses
have been abandoned, excepting in a few cases
of power station auxiliaries supply systems where
other arrangements are made for indicating earth
faults. In an ungrounded system the insulation of
all the equipments, lines etc, will have to be
much higher values as compared to those of
equipments and lines of a grounded system. This
aspect greatly reduces the costs and ensures
more safety.
Types of System
Earthing:
Earthing through a resistance.
Earthing through a reactance.
Earthing through a Peterson coil
Earthing directly or solid earthing.
Sub Station Earthing
Because of the difficulties and disadvantages involved in
marinating the system grounding and safety grounding
separately it is the common practice now to have a
combined grounding system at the sub stations. Provision
of adequate earthing in a sub station is extremely
important for the safety of the operating personnel as well
as for proper system operation. The Primary
requirements of a good earthing system in a sub station
are.
The impedance to ground should be as low as possible.
The
Power impedance of the earth system0.5
Stations shall
Ohmsnot exceed the
following limits in the sub stations
Major Sub stations above 110 KV 1.0 Ohms

Minor Sub Stations below 110 KV 2.0 Ohms

Distribution Transformer Station 5.0 Ohms

Transmission line supports 10.0 Ohms

The Step and touch potentials should be within safe limits

Touch Potential :
Touch potential is the potential difference between the ground
surface potential where a person is standing and the potential
of his outstretched hand (s) which are in contact with an
earthed structure. It is normally assumed that a persons
maximum reach is 1.0 meter.
Step Potential :
Step Potential is the potential difference between outstretched
feet, at a spacing of 1.0 meter without the person touching any
earthed structure
Mesh Potential
The maximum potential difference between the centre of a
mesh in an earth grid, and an earthed structure connected to
the buried grid conductors. It is worst case scenario of a touch
potential.
Transferred potential
The transferred potential is a touch potential which is
transferred some distance by an earth referenced metallic
conductor. For example, consider a screened cable connecting
two sub stations which are some distance apart. If a person
disconnects the earthed termination at one end of a screened
To keep the ground impedance as low as possible
and also to have satisfactory step and touch
voltages, an earthing mat will be buried at a
suitable depth below the ground and it is provided
with grounding electrode at suitable points. All the
non-current carrying parts of the equipments in the
sub stations are connected to this grid so as to
ensure that under fault conditions, none of these
parts are at higher potential than the grounding
grid. Under normal conditions, the ground
electrode make little contribution to lower the earth
resistance; they are, however, desirable for
marinating low value of resistance under all
weather conditions, which is particularly important
where the system fault currents are heavy.
Earthing in a sub station must conform to the
requirements of the Indian Electricity Rules and
follow the directives laid down in section I and III of
IS : 3043-1966. the earthing system has to be
designed to have a low overall impedance, and a
current carrying capacity consistent with fault
The factors which influence
the design are:
Duration of fault.
Magnitude of the fault current.
Resistivity of the underlying strata.
Resistivity of the surface material
Material of the earth electrode.
1. 100 X 16 mm and 75 X 8mm size MS steel flats are being ordered for
forming the earthing system for EHT Sub station and 33/11 KV Sub
Stations respectively
2. Earth mat shall be formed with the steel flats buried in the ground at a
depth of 500mm.
3. The earth mat shall extend over the entire switchgear yard and beyond
the security fencing of structural yard by at least one meter.
4. The outer most peripheral earthing conductor surrounding the earth mat
shall be of 100 x 16 mm size MS flat.
5. The intermediate earthing conductors forming the earth mat shall be of
75 x 8 mm size flat.
6. All the risers used for connecting the equipment steel structures etc., to
earth mat shall be of 50 x6 mm size excepting for earthing of L A s and
transformer neutrals for which 100 x 16 mm or 75 x 8 mm size shall be
used.
7. All Junctions (crossing of the steel flats while forming the earth mat and
taking risers from the earthmat for giving earth connections to
equipments, steel structural conducts, cable shearths shall be propersly
welded.
8. Proper earthing lugs shall be used for connecting the earth terminals of
equipments to the earthing steel flat.
9. Provisions shall be made for thermal expansion of the steel flats by
giving suitable bends.
10. The earth mat shall be formed by placing 75 x8mm MS flat at a distance
5 meters along the length & breadth of the sub station duly welding at
crossing.
11. All the equipments, steel structural, conduits, cable sheaths shall be
solidly grounded by connecting to the earthing mat at least two places
14. All paints, enamel and scale shall be removed from point of contact in
metal surfaces before applying ground connections.
15. The risers taken along the main switchyard structures and equipment
structures up to their top) shall be clamped to the structure at an
interval of not more than one meter with ground connectors.
16. 75 X 8 mm ground conductor shall run in cable trenches and shall be
connected to the ground amt at an interval of 5 meters.
17. Grounding electrodes 2.75 Mtrs length 100 mm dia 9 mm thickness
CI Pipes shall be provided at all their peripheral corners of the
earthiong mat and also at Distance of 10 Mtrs along length & width of
switch gearand in the entire switch yard.
18. The grounding electrodes shall be drived into the ground and their
tops shall be welded to a clamp and the clamp together with the
grounding shall be welded to the ground conductor.
19. The switchyard surface area shall be covered by a layer of crushed
rock of size 25 x 40 mm to a depth of 100mm
20. Transformers and L A s and single phase potential transformer shall
be provided with earth pits near them for earthing and these earth
pits in turn shall be connected to the earth mat.
21. Power Transformers neutral shall be provided with double earthing.
Neutral earthing and body earthing of power transformers shall be
connected to separate earth electrode.
22. the entire earthing system shall be laid with constructional
conveniences in the filed, keeping in view the above points.
23. The joints and tap-offs where welding is done shall be given a coat of
 THE PERMISSIBLE LIMITS OF STEP POTENTIAL AND
TOUCH POTENTIAL SHALL BE

Maximum Acceptable step Voltage

Fault clearance times
Fault clearance times 0.2 Seconds 0.35 Seconds 0.7 Seconds
On soil 1050 V 600 V 195 V
On chippings 150mm) 1400 V 800 V 250 V

Maximum Acceptable Touch Voltage

Fault clearance times
Fault clearance times 0.2 Seconds 0.35 Seconds 0.7 Seconds
On soil 3200 V 1800 V 535 V
On chippings 150mm) 4600 V 2600 V 815 V
EARTH GRID- MATERIAL
The following are the minimum sizes of materials to used.

S. Item Material to be used

No
1 Grounding Electrodes CI pipe 100 mm (inner dia)
Meters long with a flange
at the top
2 Earth mat 75 X 8mm MS Flat
3 Connection to between 75 X 8mm MS Flat
electrodes and earthmat
4 Connection to between 50 x 6mm MS Flat
earth mat and equipment
(Top Connections)
 The size of trench for burying earth mat shall be
300mm X 500mm. The earth mat shall be buried
in the ground at a depth of 500mm. The earth
mat shall extend over the entire switch yard.
All junctions and risers in the earth flat shall be
properly welded by providing additional flat pieces
for contact between two flats
Provision shall be made for thermal expansion of
steel flats by giving smooth circular bends
Bending shall not cause any fatigue in the
material.
After welding, the joints and tap offs shall be given
two coats of Bitumen paint
Back filling of earth mat trench to be done with
good earth, free of stones and other harmful
mixtures. Back fill shall be placed in layer of
150mm, uniformly spread along the ditch, and
tampered by approved means
EARTH ELECTRODES
Earth electrodes shall be of CI pipe 100mm (inner dia)
2.75 meters long with a flange at the top and earth
flat already indicated and shall be connected to earth
grid in the Sub Station. All earth pits are to excavated
and the preferred backfill is a mixture of coke and salt
in alternate layers. A suitable size cement collar may
be provided to each earth electrode. All bolted earth
mat connections and strip connections to plant and
equipment panel will be subject to strict scrutiny.
Transformer Neutrals shall be connected directly to
the earth electrode by two independent MS strips of
75 X 8mm. The transformer body earthing shall be
done with 75 X 8mm flat. The independent
connections of MS strips with earth mat shall be given
on either side of the Transformer. All contact surface
must be filled or ground flat ensures good electrical
connection, and the contact surface shall be
protected with a contact lubricant. Following this all
connections shall be painted with heavy coats of
EARTH GRID WORK DETAILS

Neutral connection earth pipe shall never be used for the

equipment earthing.
A separate earth electrode shall be provided adjacent to
the structures supporting Lightning Arrestors. Earth
connection shall be as short and as straight as
practicable. For arrestors mounted near for protecting
transformers earth conductors shall be connected directly
to the tank.
An Earthing pad shall be provided under each operating
handle of the isolator and operating mechanism of the
circuit breakers. Operating handle of the isolator and
supporting structures shall be bonded together by a
flexible connection and connected to the earthing grid.
All equipment and switchgear etc., erected shall be
earthed as per I.E Rules 1956.
 SELECTION OF SITE FOR
SUB STATION
While selecting site for Sub Station the following points should be kept in
view.
1. The Sub Station should be as near the load centre as feasible.

2. The Sub Station should be far away from the obstructions to have permit

easy and safe approach of HV over heads transmission lines.

3. The Sub Station should be easily accessible to the road to facilitate

transport of equipment
4. As far as possible near a town and away from built up areas

5. Sufficiently away from the areas where military rifle practices are held

6. The Site should have as far as possible good drinking water supply

7. The Sub Station should not be located within two miles of any aerodrome

8. The site selected should have sufficient area to properly accommodate the

Sub Station equipment, Structures, Buildings and also future extensions.

9. SITE REQUIREMENTS OF SUBSTATIONS:-

10. 33KV SS -1Acer,132KV SS-2to5Acers,220KVSS-5to20Acers,

11. 400KVSS-50to75Acers,
 DESIGN & LAYOUT

The factors that determine the final layout of

Sub Station are

1. No, of incoming and out going feeders

2. Expected loads demand on Sub Station
3. Soil resistivity
4. Facilities of Operation and Maintenance.
5. The normal weather conditions
6. Expected fault levels at the busbars
 Selection of Arrangement of
Switching of Functions
Relation of the Sub Station to the system
as a whole i.e the effect of a disturbance
at a Sub Station on continuity Power
Supply in the System.
Relation of the individual switching
functions to the other system feeders &
functions
Immediate as well as long range
adaptability to system requirements
Evaluation of Bus Bar fault contingency.
Degree of switching flexibility to be
P & T LINE CROSSINGS:
Posts & Telegraphs Department has to give clearance for
the crossing arrangement of power line with P & T lines.
A detailed sketch showing profile of crossing span, angle
of crossing and electrical clearance shall accompany the
proposal along with the prescribed questionnaire duly
answered. Clearance for the power lines will be given if
the following conditions are fulfilled.
(i) The angle of crossing of the power line with the P&T
line is not less than 60o
(ii) The nearest power conductor shall be away from the

telecom line by not less than the distances tabulated

below under maximum sag conditions.
For 132 KV Lines: 2.744 Mtr. (9feet).
For 220 KV Lines : 4.572 Mtr. (15 feet)
For 400 KV Lines : 4.881 Mtr. (16 feet)
 RAIL CROSSINGS
Clearance is to be obtained from the Railway Authorities for the proposed
power line crossing railway track. A sketch showing full particulars such as
Vertical Clearance of the lowest power conductor over the railway track,
angle of crossing and the shortest distance from the railway track from the
nearest tower shall accompany the proposal for railway crossing. The
prescribed questionnaire duly answered and Factor of Safety Calculations
shall also be sent along with the proposals for railway crossing.
Clearance for the railway crossing will be accorded if the following
conditions are fulfilled. The power line shall cross the railway track at an
angle not less than 60o.
The crossing span shall not exceed 80% of the normal design span.

The minimum clearance of the lowest power conductor over the railway

track shall be as per the statement 2-1 on page II-4.

The minimum distance between footing of the nearest tower and the

railway track shall not be less than 1.5 times the height of the tower.
The Railway crossing span shall be strung with double tension hardware

fitted to the towers on either side of crossing span with dead end towers.
The foundations, structures and power conductors and earth-wire are all

provided to have a minimum Factor of Safety of 2.00 under normal

conditions and 1.50 under Broken Wire Conditions.
The towers shall be earthed by providing two earth pits on either side.
The clearance over the Railway Track and the
bottom most conductor for different
Transmission lines shall not be less than the
distances below under max. sag conditions.
Statement 2-1:
For 132 KV Lines : 14.60 Metres.

For 220 KV Lines : 15.40 Metres

For 400 KV Lines : 17.90 Metres.
 STRUCTURES
DESIGN LOADS:
WIND PRESSURE ON STRUCTURES: In regions other than coastal regions 125

Kg/Sq. m. on 1.5 times the projected area of members of one face for latticed
structures and other non-cylindrical objects and on single projected area in the
case of other structures. In coastal regions the wind pressure may be assumed as
260 Kg./Sqm.
WIND PRESSURE ON CONDUCTORS : In regions other than coastal and hilly

regions, 75 Kg/Sq.m on two thirds projected areas. Coastal areas 125/150 Kg. /
Sq.m. In hilly regions 90 Kg. / Sq.m
Maximum tension per conductor of transmission line conductors strung from

terminal towers to station structures or strung buses :

1) 33 KV and 11 KV 450 Kg.
2) 66 KV 450 Kg.
3) 132 KV and 220 KV 900 Kg.
4) 400 KV 1000 Kg.
5) Ground wire Tension 450 Kg.
MAXIMUM SPANS OF LINES ADJACENT TO STATIONS

33 KV and below 60.00 m

66 Kv and above 150.00 m

UPLIFT OF ADJACENT SPANS:

Maximum slope (mean of the 3-phases) at the point of attachment 1 : 8 above

horizontal.
 FACTOR OF SAFETY:
FOR STEEL: 2.0 based on maximum loading
conditions (on elastic limit for tension
members and crippling load for compression
members).
FOR R.C.C. : 3.5 on ultimate breaking load
FOR SAFETY AGAINST OVER TURNING:
Steel2, R.C.C 2.0
Busbars:
The substation busbars can be broadly classified in to the

following three categories:

Out door rigid tubular busbars

Outdoor flexible ACSR or aluminum alloy busbars

Indoor busbars

Busbar of Outdoor Switchyard:

These are of following forms:
1.Tubular aluminum conductors are supported on post
insulators made of porcelain. These are bolted to get
extended lengths.
2. ACSR/AAC conductor is supported at each stringing point
on strain insulator .Such flexible busbars are used for long
spans with (beams and columns) support structures at each
end. In some cases the strain insulators may be supported
on the walls of power house or valve house buildings.
Rigid Tubular Busbars:
Commonly used Sizes of Aluminum
Pipes:
Nominal Dia .
System Voltage (External / Internal)
mm
11 kV, 33 kV & 66 kV 42/35
60/52
132 kV
88/78
101.6/90.1
101.6/85.4
220 kV
114.3/97.2
114.3/102.3
114.3/97.2
400 kV 114.3/102.3
127/114.5
 Voltage Class 430 kV / 230 kV
Size 4" IPS (EH)
Outer diameter 114.30 mm
Inner diameter 97.20 mm
Thickness 8.51 mm
Cross sectional area 2825.61 sq.mm
Type of designation 63401 WP as per IS:5082
Tensile strength 20.5 kg/sq.mm
Weight 7.7 kg /m
Current rating at 75 C 3000 Amps
 STRUNG BUS BARS
The materials in common use for strung type
Bus bars are ACSR conductors. Bundled
conductors (two or four) are used where high
ratings for bus bars are required. The size of
conductors commonly used are:
11 KV - 61/3.18 mm ZEBRA Twin
33 KV - 61/3.18 mm ZEBRA Twin
132 KV - 61/3.18 mm ZEBRA Single/Twin
220 KV - 61/3.53 mm MOOSE
Single/Twin/Quadruple
61/3.8 mm
400 KV - 61/3.53 mm MOOSE Quadruple
 Strung Busbar:
Commonly Used Sizes of Conductor:
Current
Equivalent
System Carrying
Conductor Size Aluminum area
Voltage Capacity at
(Sq.mm.)
75oC

61/3.18mm ZEBRA ACSR 420 737

11kV, 33 kV
& 66 kV 37/3.00mm PANTHER ACSR 200 487

37/2.79mm LYNX ACSR 180 445

132 kV
61/3.18mm ZEBRA ACSR 420 737

37/3.00mm PANTHER ACSR 200 487

220 kV
61/3.18mm ZEBRA ACSR 420 737
61/3.53mm MOOSE ACSR 520 836
400 kV
61/3.53mm MOOSE ACSR 520 836
 STANDARD BAY WIDTHS IN METERS:
11 KV- 4.7
33 KV - 4.7
66 KV- 7.6
132 KV - 12.2 & 11
220 KV - 17.00
400 KV - 27.00
STANDARD BUS AND EQUIPMENT ELEVATIONS
Rated Equipment live Main Bus / Buses Take-off
voltage terminal elevation in elevation in metres elevation
(KV) meters in metres

Low High
11 & 33 2.8 to 4.0 5.5 to 6.5 9.0 6.5 to 8.5
66 4.0 6.0 to 7.0 9.0 to 10.5 9.5
132 3.7 to 5 8.0 to 9.5 13.5 to 14.5 12.0 to 12.5
220 4.9 to 5.5 9.0 to 13.0 18.5 15.0 to 18.5
400 8.0 15.5 -- 23 M
 STRINGING TENSIONS:
The insulators, bus bars and connections
should not be stressed to more than one
fourth of the breaking load or one third of
their elastic limit whichever is lower.
CLEARANCES: The following are the
minimum clearances for out-door equipment
and rigid conductors in air.
Rated BIL Basic Minimum Clearance Phase to phase
voltage insulation between spacing in isolators
(KV) level (KV) and switches

Phase to Phase to
phase earth
(mm) (mm)
11 75 400 310 610 920

33 170 400 320 760 120

66 325 750 630 1530 2140

132 550 1350 1150 2140 3050

650 1600 1380

220 900 2300 1960 3400 4000

1050 2700 2300

400 1425 4000 3500

1550 5200 3640
Normally adopted phase spacings for strung
bus are indicated below:
11 KV - 1300 mm
33 KV - 1300 mm
66 KV - 2200 mm
132 KV - 3000/3600 mm
220 KV - 4500 mm
400 KV - 7000 mm.
a) The minimum clearance of the live parts to
ground in an attended outdoor sub-station
and the sectional clearance to be
maintained between live parts in adjacent
sections for safety of persons while
working with adjacent sections alive are
given below:
Voltage rating (KV) Minimum Clearance to ground (mm.) Sectional Clearance (mm.)

11 3700 2600

33 3700 2800

66 4600 3000

132 4600 3500

220 5500 4300

400 8000 7000

The bottom most portion of any insulator or
bushing in service should be at a minimum
height of 2500 mm above ground level.