Protection Application Setting of Protection

Handbook
ABB Group - 1 -
Sep 16, 2017
 ABB Group - 2 -
Sep 16, 2017
Setting of Protection
 Setting of Protection
Zone-1

Offers instantaneous circuit-local back-up

protection for nearby faults, but not for the entire
transmission circuit from both terminals.
Set to under reach protected circuit to ensure
external security
In case of parallel circuit may be necessary to
increase degree of under reach
For multi circuit lines reach reduces further due to
in feeds
ABB Group - 3 -
Sep 16, 2017
 Setting of Protection
Zone-2
Zone-2 Reach Setting Criteria
Should overreach all terminals of the protected circuit
by an acceptable margin (typically 20% of highest
impedance seen) for all fault conditions and for all
intended modes of system operation.
As far as possible, should be less than Zone-1
coverage of all adjacent lines, to minimize the
required Zone-2 time delay setting.

ABB Group - 4 -
Sep 16, 2017
 Setting of Protection
Zone-2 reach setting
ABB Group - 5 -
Sep 16, 2017
 Setting of Protection
Zone-2
Zone-2 time Setting Criteria
Must be set to coordinate with clearance of adjacent circuit faults,
within reach, by the intended main protection or by breaker fail
protection
t z 2 tMA tCB t z 2reset ts
tZ2 = Required Zone-2 time delay
tMA = Operating time of slowest adjacent circuit main protection
or Circuit Local back-up for faults within Zone-2 reach
tCB = Associated adjacent circuit breaker clearance time
tZ2reset= Resetting time of Zone-2 impedance element with load
ABB Group - 6 -

current Present
Sep 16, 2017

tS = Safety margin for tolerance (e.g. 100ms)

 Setting of Protection
Zone-2

Effect of parallel lines

Where common impedance settings exist
for phase and ground fault impedance
elements, or where independent residual
compensation settings are not available
for each zone of protection the phase
fault Zone-2 reach will unavoidably be
extended in order to satisfy ground fault
reach requirements.
This can create Zone-2 back-up co-
ordination difficulties, particularly where
ABB Group - 7 -

adjacent sections or transmission circuit

Sep 16, 2017

are of unequal length

 Setting of Protection
Zone-2

Multi terminal circuits

The primary Zone-2 setting criterion must be
met with allowance for the highest apparent
impedance seen for a fault at any remote
circuit terminal.

The Zone-2 reach setting may reach very high

percentage of the circuit impedance between
the closest terminals. The reach may need to
be further enhanced to address under reach
for ground faults when protecting parallel
ABB Group - 8 -

multi-terminal circuits.
Sep 16, 2017
 Setting of Protection
Zone-2 in multi-terminal lines
ABB Group - 9 -
Sep 16, 2017
 Setting of Protection
Zone-2

Load encroachment
One problem with mho impedance elements is
that the fault resistance coverage varies with
the forward reach setting. When applying Zone-
1 elements to short lines, fault resistance
coverage may be insufficient. It can also be
disadvantage for Zone2 elements to be set
with unusually high forward reach setting in
relation to the minimum load impedance. It
may be possible for the minimum load
impedance to encroach upon the Zone-2
operating region.
ABB Group - 10 -
Sep 16, 2017
 Setting of Protection
Zone-2 load encroachment
ABB Group - 11 -
Sep 16, 2017
 Setting of Protection
Zone-3 Remote back-up
General
Usually set to provide remote back-up
protection for adjacent sections of a
transmission circuit.
May have independently adjustable forward
and reverse reach setting
Usually forward reach provides remote back-
up protection.
With duplicate main protection, there may be
a case for not applying Zone-3 remote back-up
protection at all.
In case of long 400kV lines it may be desirable
either to reduce the reach or to block 3 rd zone
ABB Group - 12 -

of distance relay for reasons of security.

Sep 16, 2017
 Setting of Protection
Zone-3 remote back-up
Reach setting
Zone 3 should overreach the remote terminal of
the longest adjacent line by an acceptable margin
(typically 20% of highest impedance seen) for all
fault conditions and in feed conditions associated
with all intended modes of system operation
Zone-3 reach should be less than the Zone-2
protection coverage of the shortest adjacent
transmission circuit and it should not see through
power transformers into distribution systems, in
order to minimize the required zone-3 time delay
setting.
ABB Group - 13 -

Sep 16, 2017

 Setting of Protection
Zone-3 remote back-up
Time setting
Must be set to co-ordinate with clearance of faults by
adjacent circuit-local back-up protection. Zone-2 distance
protection or time delayed over current protection
The following formula would be the basis for determining
the minimum acceptable Zone-3 time setting:
t z 3 t MA tCB t z 3reset t s
Where:
tZ3 = Required Zone-3 time delay
tMA = Operating time of slowest adjacent circuit local
back-up protection
tCB = Associated adjacent circuit breaker clearance
time
tZ3reset = Resetting time of Zone-3 impedance element
with load current present
ABB Group - 14 -

tS = Safety margin for tolerance (e.g. 100ms)

Sep 16, 2017
 Setting of Protection
Zone-3 remote back-up
Consideration of mutual coupling
As for Zone-2 protection the under
reaching effect of zero sequence mutual
coupling for remote ground faults must
also be considered.
Such consideration is quite complex,
since there may well be differences in
the levels of mutual coupling for the
protected circuit and any number of
adjacent circuits.
In addition, some circuit sections may be
multi-circuit while other sections may not
ABB Group - 15 -

be.
Sep 16, 2017
 Setting of Protection
Zone-3 remote back-up
Considerations for intervening fault currents
The under reaching effects are encountered in
relation to adjacent circuit impedance, when
applying Zone-3 remote back-up protection.
These under-reaching effects are particularly
difficult to address, since they are variable
according to the type of fault.
Ground faults can invoke additional zero
sequence current in feed from transformers
with grounded star-connected primary
windings and other delta-connected windings.
ABB Group - 16 -

Sep 16, 2017
 Setting of Protection
Zone-3 remote back-up
Zone-3 load impedance encroachment
Encroachment due to the minimum load impedance under
expected modes of system operation and the minimum
impedance that might be sustained for seconds or minutes
during abnormal or emergency system situations.
Use of blinders in case of Mho type of elements or by use
of polygon type impedance elements.
In case of long 400kV transmission lines it may be
desirable to limit the reach of Zone-3 for reasons of
security. In such cases, if the adjacent station has bus bar
protection and breaker failure protection, Zone-3 can be
dispensed with.

ESKOM (South Africa) have a practice of not using third

zone impedance protection in long line applications . They
ABB Group - 17 -

use enhanced local breaker back-up .

Sep 16, 2017

 Setting of Protection
Effect of in feeds on Zone-3
ABB Group - 18 -
Sep 16, 2017
 Setting of Protection
Zone-3 load encroachment
ABB Group - 19 -
Sep 16, 2017
 Setting of Protection
Zone-3 coordination
ABB Group - 20 -
Sep 16, 2017
 Setting of Protection
Zone- 4 substation local back-up
An additional zone of reverse-looking
protection (e.g. Zone-4) to offer substation-
local back-up protection.
The Zone-4 reverse reach must adequately
cover expected levels of apparent bus bar
fault resistance, when allowing for multiple
in feeds from other circuits.
Sometimes when separate reverse looking
element is not available the above is
achieved by offset reach of Zone-3 of
ABB Group - 21 -

distance relay.
Sep 16, 2017
 ABB Group - 22 -
Sep 16, 2017
Setting of Protection
 Setting of Protection
Power Transformers
Overloading
Overloading of a transformer will cause high temperatures
of different parts inside the transformer. High temperatures
can lead to degradation of insulation material. This will
cause reduction of the lifetime of the transformer

If transformer is overloaded primarily it should not be

tripped. Manual measures including load shedding should
be done by operator.
ABB Group - 23 -
Sep 16, 2017
 Setting of Protection
Load Curve of a Transformer Feeding Normal
Transformer load curve
Load
Load current

Transformer temperature

day night day night day

ABB Group - 24 -
Sep 16, 2017
 Setting of Protection
Load Curve of a Generation Unit Transformer

Transformer load curve

(Generating unit transformer)

Load current

Transformer temperature

day night day night day

ABB Group - 25 -
Sep 16, 2017
 Setting of Protection
Power Transformers
Differential relays
Diff relay detects a false differential current due
to tap changer not being in the nominal position.
This has to be considered.
Consider max load current ( 1.4 times rated
power ), assume the tap changer to be in
positive or negative end position. For these
extreme tap positions the maximum false diff
current can be calculated.
Stabilisation has to be worked out as under
Idiff = K I stab
Where I diff = I high Ilow
ABB Group - 26 -

Istab= ( Ihigh + I )/2

Sep 16, 2017

low
 Setting of Protection
Stabilisation of a Transformer Differential Relay

I
diff

operation

no operation

I
stab
ABB Group - 27 -
Sep 16, 2017
 Setting of Protection
Percentage setting
Differential current flows due to excitation current of
transformer, due to ratio errors in CT and
predominantly due to position of tap changer if
provided

Differential setting 15% higher than mismatch is

usual.
ABB Group - 28 -
Sep 16, 2017
 Setting of Protection
High set unrestrained stage
Unrestrained operation to speed up the operation for a
high fault current as per table below . Setting of 20*In
required when large through fault currents can
saturate the CTs and cause a large differential current as for
example in case of 1 & CB arrangement.

Power Rated Power Recommended setting

Transformer *In when energizing from
Connection (1)
HV Side LV Side
<10 MVA 20 10
Yy 10-100 MVA 13 13
Yy >100 MVA 8 8
Yd - 13 13
Dy <100 MVA 13 20
ABB Group - 29 -

Dy >100 MVA 8 13
Sep 16, 2017
 Setting of Protection
Restricted earth fault protection

SETTING

RL VR > IF ( RCT + 2 RL)

RCT VK > 2 VR
VR
A B
ABB Group - 30 -
Sep 16, 2017
 Setting of Protection
Phase overcurrent relays
The pick up current seting must be set above highest
possible load current
It shall also serve as overload protection
In many cases it can be considered that overload
capacity is 1.4 times rated power
The lowest setting value can be written as
I pickup = 1.2 . I max/K
It should also be able to detect all faults within the zone
I pickup < 0.7. I scmin
The high set relay should be set so as to be selective
wrt other relays
I high > 1.2. K t .I scmax
K t is transient overreach and I scmax is largest fault
current on low voltage side
ABB Group - 31 -

Time setting should be set as to get shortest fault time

with maintained selectivity
Sep 16, 2017
 Setting of Protection
Failure to Reset of an Overcurrent Protection

I The relay does not reset

I
st
I
reset

t
ABB Group - 32 -
Sep 16, 2017
 Setting of Protection
Inverse Time Characteristics Selectivity

Time

Fault current
ABB Group - 33 -
Sep 16, 2017
 Setting of Protection
Residual over current relays
Earth fault current is fed from the transformer in
case of phase to earth fault in the system.
Therefore there is aneed to trip the transformer
in case of such fault. In most cases it should be
considered as back up to line protection.
Current setting is usually low. Time setting
should be long to be selective wrt line
protection.
ABB Group - 34 -
Sep 16, 2017
 Setting of Protection
System Transformer with Impedance Protection

Low V High V
Zone 1

Z<

Backward Forward reach

ABB Group - 35 -
Sep 16, 2017
 ABB Group - 36 -
Sep 16, 2017
Setting of Protection
 Setting of Protection
Phase over current relays
The pick up current seting must be set above highest possible
load current
It shall also serve as overload protection
Capacitor is designed to withstand 30% of rated current ( IEC
70)
The lowest setting value can be written as
I pickup = 1.2 . I max/K ( K is resetting ratio)
The high set relay should be set so as to be selective wrt
other relays
I high > 1.2. K t .I efmax
K t is transient overreach and I efmax is largest fault current
from capacitor bank in case of external fault or a phase to
phase fault
If the bank is not earthed it can be taken 6 times rated current
Time setting should be set as to get shortest fault time with
maintained selectivity wrt external faults
ABB Group - 37 -

High set relay should be delayed by about 30ms to avoid

Sep 16, 2017

unwanted tripping
 Setting of Protection
Unbalance current relays

Current Setting
The current setting must be chosen so that normal unbalance
will not result in operation of relay and unbalances dangerous
for the capacitor elements will cause operation of the relay
Time setting
Must be so short that it operates before any other relay in the
system
ABB Group - 38 -
Sep 16, 2017
 Setting of Protection
Over voltage protection relay

Voltage setting
The capacitor elements are designed to withstand up to 1.1 times
rated voltage. Therefore voltage setting should be chosen
accordingly
Time setting
Must be chosen so that short time overvoltages will not trip the
bank. Reasonable setting is 0.2 to 0.6 sec.
ABB Group - 39 -
Sep 16, 2017
 ABB Group - 40 -
Sep 16, 2017
Setting of Protection
 Setting of Protection

T MD IR1
n MD

Ud3

dR

D2 D1

US
ABB Group - 41 -
Sep 16, 2017
 Setting of Protection
RADSS CHARACTERISTICS APPLYING TO EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL FAULTS RELAY SLOPE S = 0.8

Restraint characteristic on external fault Operating characteristic on internal fault

ZL = RLX linearresistance ZL = ZLM magnetisingimpedance
Id1 = S IT3 stabilityline
ABB Group - 42 -

Id1 = SIT3 + Koperatingline

Sep 16, 2017
 Setting of Protection
RADSS Settings and approximate operating
values

SLOPE(S) 0.5 0.66 0.8 0.85

Id min (A) 0.2 0.3 0.46 0.61

RLX (OHMS) 301 602 1204 1705

ABB Group - 43 -
Sep 16, 2017
 Setting of Protection
Slope setting

Id1 = SIt3

Slope S= RS / ndRd3 + RS / 2

Usually S is set at 0.8

Id1(min)=0.092/(1S)

WithS=0.8Id1=0.46A
ABB Group - 44 -
Sep 16, 2017
 Setting of Protection
Start relay setting

Startrelay(SR)issethigherthanmaximumthroughloadthus
providingstabilityforopenCTcircuitsunderloadcondition .

Asettingof0.9Aisusuallyprovided.
ABB Group - 45 -
Sep 16, 2017
 Setting of Protection
CALCULATIONS FOR A TYPICAL STATION

1200 / 1A 800 / 1A 400 / 1A

1 / 1A 1 / 0.675A 1 / 0.325A

RADSS - A
Overall CT ratio 1200/1A
Total maximum incoming current 4000A
Maximum circulating current in the relay (I T3n) = 3.3A
ABB Group - 46 -

This is less than max. permissible circulating current of the relay viz 4A.
Sep 16, 2017
 Setting of Protection

WITHS=0.8 Id1 (SR) =0.88

RdT = 165 + Rd11 =165+136 =301Ohms

Id1 min =0.46A

MAXIMUMPERMISSIBLELOOPRESISTANCEONCTSECSIDE

=1204 =127Ohms
(1/0.325)2
ABB Group - 47 -
Sep 16, 2017
 ABB Group - 48 -
Sep 16, 2017
Setting of Protection
 Setting of Protection
Fault detector settings

Fault detectors that have high drop out and whose drop out time is
minimally effected by CT saturation and DC offset isecondary circuit
should be used
Setting applied should ensure positive operation for faults which occur at
electrical extremity of protected circuit i.e. it should be as sensitive as the
protective relay

Thermal capability should be considered

For lines and transformers range of 200-600 mA used (1 A CT sec)

For generators setting of 50 mA recommended (1 A CT sec)

This is to care of low currents during Class - B trip
ABB Group - 49 -

Sep 16, 2017

 Setting of Protection
FAULT DECTECTOR FOR FAULTS WITH INSUFFICIENT
CURRENT

ForsomefaultsintransformerlikeonedetectedbyBucholz

protectiontheremaynotbeenoughcurrenttooperatefaultdetectorunit
ofBFRrelayInsuchcasesupervisionbybreakerAuxcontactmaybeused

+ Buchholz CBauxcontact TimerofBFR -

trip
ABB Group - 50 -
Sep 16, 2017
 Setting of Protection
Fault
occurs
TIME- CHART

NormalClearingTime CurrentDetector
DropoutTime
Normal
Clearing
Protective BreakerInterrupting
Time Time Margin
~30ms ~60ms <12ms
Back-up
Breaker
Failed Breaker BreakerFailureTimer Interrupting
Breaker Failure Breaker Time
Initiating Failure
Tripping
BreakerFailureTotalClearingTime
ABB Group - 51 -
Sep 16, 2017
 Setting of Protection
Breaker failure timing

The BFR should be fast enough to maintain stability but not so fast as to
compromise tripping security

Margin shouldconsiderfollowing
-Excessivebreakerinterruptingtimeduringeitherlowfaultcurrent
orcloseopendutycycle
-Timeovertravel
-Settingerrors
-Safetyfactordependingonconfidencelevel
-Marginof60msmaybeconsidered

ABB Group - 52 -

Sep 16, 2017

 ABB Group - 53 -
Sep 16, 2017
Setting of Protection
 Setting of Protection
Phase Over current Protections
Selectivity
Time

Fault current
ABB Group - 54 -
Sep 16, 2017
 Setting of Protection
Phase Over current Protections
Pick-up and reset

I The relay does not reset

I
st
I
reset

t
ABB Group - 55 -
Sep 16, 2017
 Setting of Protection
Over current relays
Current selectivity
Possible when impedance in between is substantial

Time selectivity
Time starts adding and trip times will be very long
ABB Group - 56 -
Sep 16, 2017
 Setting of Protection
Short circuit protection
Current setting shall be
Higher than maximum load current
Shall be lower than minimum fault current
Margin to load to be set considering reset ratio
ABB Group - 57 -
Sep 16, 2017
 Setting of Protection
Instantaneous stage for transformer
Setting shall be
Higher than maximum inrush current
Should not reach > 80% of transformer

Complement to diff relay and buchholz

protection
ABB Group - 58 -
Sep 16, 2017
 Setting of Protection
Directional short circuit protection

Directional current relay shall have 60 degrees

angle lagging
ABB Group - 59 -
Sep 16, 2017
 Setting of Protection
Margin to equipment capacity

Tripping should be before reaching thermal

capacity of the object
ABB Group - 60 -
Sep 16, 2017
 Setting of Protection
Earth fault relays in solidly earthed
systems
ABB Group - 61 -
Sep 16, 2017
 Setting of Protection
Time setting of inverse type relays

Margin
100-150 ms for short circuit protection
ABB Group - 62 -

150-200 ms for earth fault relays

Sep 16, 2017
 Setting of Protection
Network for selectivity plan
ABB Group - 63 -
Sep 16, 2017
 Setting of Protection
Information required for selectivity plan

System diagram
Maximum short circuit currents
Minimum short circuit currents
Maximum service currents
Inrush currents for transformers, motors
Relay characteristics
Breaker characteristics
ABB Group - 64 -
Sep 16, 2017
 ABB Group - 65 -
Sep 16, 2017
Setting of Protection
 Setting of Protection
Phase and Ground over current
protections

The phase over current protection offers
both circuit local back-up protection and
remote back-up protection for multi phase
faults. They also offer protection for many
faults involving ground if fault current is high
enough to allow relay operation.
To cater to low current ground faults as a
result of high ground fault resistance the
ground over current protections are applied.
They might also be applied, as main
protection for high resistance faults where
ABB Group - 66 -

main protection does not offer required

Sep 16, 2017

coverage.
 Setting of Protection
Phase over current protections

Settings
The protection must not operate for highest load
current during both normal and abnormal power system
operation.
The protection must operate for multiphase faults on
the entire circuit under minimum plant conditions i.e.
lowest fault current.
The protection should not operate before the main
protection of the protected circuit
The protection must not operate before the circuit local
back-up protection clears a fault in an adjacent circuit.

ABB Group - 67 -

Sep 16, 2017
 Setting of Protection
Ground over current protections

Settings
The ground over current threshold should be set to
ensure detection of all ground faults, but above any
continuous residual current under normal system
operation. Continuous residual current may arise
because of

Unbalanced series impedances of un transposed

transmission circuits
Unbalanced shunt capacitance of transmission circuits
Third harmonic current circulation.
ABB Group - 68 -

Sep 16, 2017

 Setting of Protection
Directional Over current relays-radial
feeders
ABB Group - 69 -
Sep 16, 2017
 Setting of Protection
Directional over current relays
ABB Group - 70 -
Sep 16, 2017
 ABB Group - 71 -
Sep 16, 2017
Setting of Protection