LTE Architecture

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2G, 3G and LTE Network architecture
LTE has a flat architecture. In LTE there is no entity similar to BSC or RNC. It is all IP
network and is based on packet switching for voice as well as data unlike 2G/3G where
it is circuit switch for voice and packet switch for Data.

2G-GSM BTS BSC MSC MGW

Access Core
3G-UMTS NodeB RNC SGSN GGSN

Network Network
4G-LTE eNodeB SGW PGW Internet

MME IMS

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LTE Architecture
UE: Universal Equipment
eNB: Evolved Node B
MME: Mobility Management Entity
S-GW: Serving Gateway
P-GW: Packet Data Network Gateway
HSS: Home Subscriber Server

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Overall EPS Architecture

EPS = E-UTRAN+EPC
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The User Equipment (UE)
Identical to the one used by UMTS and GSM which is actually a Mobile Equipment (ME).

It has USIM. A USIM stores user-specific data very similar to 3G SIM card. This keeps
information about the user's phone number, home network identity and security keys etc.

LTE UE Categories :

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EUTRAN

Evolved Node B (eNB)

Radio Resource Management
Synchronization & Interference Control
MME Selection among MME pool
Routing of User Plane data from/to S-GW
Encryption/Integrity protection of User data
IP Header Compression

eNB Consists of
Baseband Unit(BBU)
Remote Radio Head (RRH)

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eNB-Baseband Unit(BBU)

BBU contains
Control Card (UAMA)
3 Channel Card (L9CA)

The Control Card is the main control

processor, which receives GPS signal and
collects various alarms and report that to
EMS.
The 1 Channel Card supports 3 RRH.
The Channel Card of BBU is connected to
RRH with CPRI.

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eNB- Remote Radio Head (RRH)

The 4 ports of RRH are connected to 4T4R config

Antenna with Jumper Cable.

The RET port of RRH is used for remote electrical

tilt.

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Carrier & Sector Extension

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S1 Interface
Can be split (S1-U to S-GW & S1-C to MME)
Many to many S1 interface support load balancing

DSCP : Differentiated
Service Code Point(6 bit)

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X2 Interface
Used for Inter eNB , Handover, Load Balancing & Interference Management
Minimize packet loss due to user mobility

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EPC : MME & Interfaces

Mobility Management Entity(MME)

NAS Signaling & its Security
Tracking Area List Management
PDN GW & Serving GW Selection
MME Selection for inter MME Handover
Authentication
EPS Bearer Management
Signaling for mobility between 3GPP RANs
S10 Interface
Supports mobility between MMEs
S11 Interface
Supports EPS Bearer management between MME and
S-GW
S6a Interface
Used for Subscription & Security control between
MME and Home Subscriber Server(HSS)
EPS = E-UTRAN+EPC
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MME Cont.

MME Capacity :
Capacity is defined in terms of Simultaneous Attach Users (SAU)

MME has LESA card Module.

------1 LESA Card = 720k SAU
Our Network :
2.88 million subscriber per Super Circle.

Our MME has 2 LESA cards 720K * 2=1.44 million Subscriber

We have 9 MME locations across India.

1. Mumbai-2 5. Bangalore
2. Delhi-2 6. Chennai
3. Ahmadabad 7. Hyderabad
4. Nagpur 8. Kolkata
9. Lucknow
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EPC- Gateway Entities and Interfaces
Serving Gateway(S-GW)
Packet Routing & Forwarding
E-UTRAN Idle mode DL packet buffering
E-UTRAN & inter -3GPP mobility anchoring
UL and SL charging per UE,PDN and QCI
Transport level QOS Mapping/marking
Packet Data Network Gateway (P-GW)
IP address allocation foe UEs
Packet Filtering and Policy Enforcement
Transport level QOS mapping/marking
User info anchor foe 3GPP<--> non 3GPP mobility
S5 Interface
Between S-GW and P-GW
Can be based on GTP or Proxy Mobile IP
Called S8 for inter-PLMN connection
SGi Interface
Access from/towards IMS & IP networks
EPS = E-UTRAN+EPC
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S-GW & P-GW Cont.

SAE GW Capacity :
S-GW & P-GW combined called as SAE GW.

SAE-GW has LEDA Cards module.

-----------1 LEDA Card supports 11Gbps.

Our Network :
We have projection of 308 Gbps/MME Location.

One SAE-GW will be having 4 LEDA Cards 44 Gbps

So we require (308/44=7) 7 SAE-GW per MME Location.

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Transport Architecture

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Home Subscriber Server (HSS)

HSS is combination of HLR & AuC in GSM.

HLR part has user subscription information.

PDNs to which the user can connect.

AuC part of the HSS is in charge of generating

security information from user identity keys
Mutual network-terminal authentication.

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Policy charging and rules function(PCRF)

PCRF (policy and charging rules function) provides policy

control and flow based charging control decisions.

The PCRF is a server that deploys a set of operator created

business rules.

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E-UTRAN and EPC Protocol Stack: User Plane

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E-UTRAN and EPC Protocol Stack: Control Plane

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UE Attach Process

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UE Attach Process Cont.

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LTE Architecture

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LTE Architecture

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EPS: NAS Protocols

Evolved Mobility Management (EMM)

User Registration and User/Network Authentication
NAS Signaling-Connection and Idle mode Mobility
Security for NAS Protocols

Evolved Session Management (ESM)

EPS Bearer management between UE & EPC
------IP Connectivity and QoS allocation to the UE

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 ECM: EPC Connection
Management
EMM: EPC Mobility
Management
RRC: Radio Resource
If T3412 expires Management

If signalling conn est

UE position not
known to UE
ECM Idle ECM Connected
RRC
RRC idle RRC idle
conn
PLMN Selection

If signalling conn release

EMM Deregistered EMM Registered

If rejected, it will try to attached for 5

Attach accept/TAU accept consecutive counts and if still not accepted ,
then will wait for T3402 timer expiry before
T3410
going for further try
EPS Idle & Active States- AS and NAS Layers

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EPS Idle & Active States- Use Cases

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Various Identities used within EPS

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Radio Network Temporary Identifier (RNTI)

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 EPS Quality of Service(QoS)

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QoS Class Identifier (QCI) Service Characteristics

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 LTE Security
Encryption and Integrity Protection in
LTE

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LTE Security: Key Concepts

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Security on Uu & S1 Interfaces
LTE key hierarchy
EPS Authentication & Key Agreement
(AKA)
NAS Security Context Establishment
AS Security Context Establishment
 UE Attach

Supported algorithm for ciphering , PLMN)

IMSI
AUTN , RAND , eKSI
RES
eKSI , Selected algorithm , Security Capabilities

Selected Algorithm
Kenb , UE security capability
 Thank You

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