EEE G529T MAGNETIC CIRCUITS

13.1-13.5

BITS Pilani EEE Department

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Pilani Campus
 MAGNETIC FIELDS

Ferromagnetic Material that has the property of attracting other pieces of such materials

A permanent magnet is a ferromagnetic material

Just as we have the Electric Field associated with a stationary charge, we have magnetic

field associated with a moving charge (current) Bar Magnet

Magnetic Lines of Force Imaginary closed loops

that origin from the north pole and end at

the south pole of the magnet

The tangent at a point on these lines gives the direction of Magnetic Lines of
Force
the magnetic field.

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 MAGNETIC FLUX AND FLUX DENSITY

Magnetic flux (denoted as ), is the amount of magnetic field passing through a surface
(such as a conducting coil).
The SI unit of magnetic flux is the weber (Wb)

More
magnetic
lines pass
through the
circular ring
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 LORENTZ FORCE

When a charge q moves with a velocity v in the presence of a Magnetic Field B, a force is
exerted on the charge known as the Lorentz Force.

The direction of this force is given by Right Hand Rule

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MAGNETIC FIELD DUE TO A CONDUCTOR
CARRYING CURRENT

A conductor carrying a current I produces a magnetic field B

around it in a cylindrically radial pattern as shown

Magnetic Field B at a radial distance d from the conductor

carrying current I is given by

= is permeability of the medium

The direction of the magnetic field is given by the right hand rule which
states that if you hold the conductor in your right hand with thumb
pointing in the direction of the current, then the direction in which the
fingers curl gives you the direction of the magnetic field.

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MAGNETIC FIELD DUE TO A SOLENOID

Solenoid : Cylindrical coil of wire wound on an air-core, an iron core or any other core

Consider a cylindrical coil wound on a soft iron core

fed by a DC current of magnitude I. A magnetic field
will be setup in the core that will be almost constant
provided that the length of the cylinder (l) is much
larger than its radius.

The magnetic field inside the Iron Core is given by

= I

The magnetic flux is given by B.A = B.(r2)

Permeability defines the easy with which magnetic field can be set up in the material
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 MAGNETIC FIELD DUE TO A TOROID

If we bend the iron core in the form of a ring, we get a toroid

The magnetic field at the center of the toroid is given by

=
2

RELATIVE PERMEABILITY

It is the ratio of permeability of the medium to the permeability of free space

Ferromagnetic materials have high values of relative permeability (>1000)

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MAGNETIC CIRCUITS

Magnetic circuits are analogue of electrical circuits.

The magneto motive force of N-turn current carrying

coil is F Ni
The reluctance R of a magnetic path depends on the

mean length l, the area A, and the permeability of

l
the material. R
A
Magnetic flux is analogous to current in electrical

circuit and is related to F and R in a similar way as

Ohms law F R
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ANALOGY BETWEEN ELECTRIC
AND MAGNETIC CKTS

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IRON CORES WITH AN AIR GAP

Core with an air gap Equivalent magnetic circuit The air gap will have some
reluctance that will be in series
with the reluctance of the iron
core.

Fringing of the flux lines occur

when the air gap length is
somewhat large
More flux is concentrated in
the inner portion of the core
than in the outer portion

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 MAGNETIZATION CURVES

A plot of B v/s H is a magnetization curve B

Ideal Curve

As = / and = we get =

where H is the Magnetic Field Intensity given by

=
H
H is independent of core material
saturation
B knee

Linear

Practical B-H Curve

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HYSTERESIS

Demagnetized Material : The Magnetic Flux Density (B) is 0 when no external Magnetizing
Field (H) is applied

Consider a demagnetized material and let us apply a magnetizing field to it to magnetize it

For smaller values of H, B-H curve is almost linear

For larger values of H, B-H curve saturates and B is almost constant
If we increase the magnetizing field even more, no increase in B is observed (point b)
The material is said to be saturated now
If we reduce H now, B does not reduce the same way as it increased
There is some amount of magnetism left over when H reduces to 0
This is called Residual Magnetism (point c)
Permanent Magnets are made of materials having high values of residual magnetism

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HYSTERESIS

If H is increased again but in the ve direction, then

at a particular value of H, the Residual Magnetism
goes away and B becomes 0
This value of H is called the coercive force
(point d)
Permanent magnets have high coercivity
If H is made ve enough, material saturates
but in the opposite direction (point e)
On increasing H from its max ve value, we reach
point f that indicates negative residual magnetism
The resulting loop is called a hysteresis loop and
the phenomenon Hysteresis
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HYSTERESIS

If the magnetizing force applied to the

demagnetized material is less than the required
to produce saturation, a hysteresis loop as
shown is produced.

SQUARE LOOP MATERIALS

Materials having hysteresis loop approximately

rectangular are called square loop materials
Slopes of the sides of the hysteresis loop are quite large.
A small change in H can lead to a large change in B
Small cores made from such materials are used as
binary memory devices in switching circuits and digital
computers
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HYSTERESIS LOSS

When a magnetizing material is periodically magnetized and demagnetized using an

alternate current, Energy is absorbed by the material that gets converted to heat
Energy lost per cycle
HdB (Area under the B-H curve)
Power loss due to Hysteresis Kh(Bm)nf
Kh and n depends on the core material Use cores made of materials

loss is directly proportional to frequency that have thin hysteresis loop

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 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION

EMF (Electro-Motive-Force) is induced in a multi-turn coil when the magnetic flux

passing through the coil varies with time
First discovered by Michael Faraday in 1831
The induced EMF depends on the rate of change
of total flux linkages with the coil

Induced emf
Circuit is closed and thus
current flows
=

The polarity of the voltage induced by a
Lenz law changing flux tends to oppose the change in
flux that produced the induced voltage

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 ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION

The current reverses its direction

whenever there is a change in
the direction of motion of the
magnet

POWER GENERATION
The principle of
electromagnetic induction is
also involved in power
generation when the armature
of a DC Machine is rotated
quite fast in the presence of a
radial magnetic field
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INDUCTANCE OF AN INDUCTOR

Consider an inductor fed by a time varying current. An EMF is induced across the
inductor governed by the equation

v= =


On solving the above equation, we get a relation

=

As =Ni/R we get
2 Reluctance
=
Number of flux linkages per ampere
1 Henry = 1 Weber per ampere

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MAGNETICALLY COUPLED COILS

Consider an iron core that has a primary coil

and a secondary coil
AC Sine wave is fed through the primary coil
The current in the primary coil produces a
magnetic field and hence flux lines N1 N2
The magnetic flux has a sinusoidal nature
and is this variable flux travels through the
soft iron core
This variable flux cuts the secondary coil
If a load is connected across the
and induces and EMF in it that follows the
secondary, time varying current
Lenz rule
flows in the secondary coil

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MUTUAL INDUCTANCE

Suppose the primary winding having Inductance L1 has N1 turns and secondary winding
having Inductance L2 has N2 turns
Since a time varying current in the primary induces a voltage across the secondary, we
say that the 2 coils are magnetically coupled
The flux that is setup in the core on account of the current in the primary is given by

=N1i/R Reluctance
Neglecting flux leakages, the same flux links the secondary coil inducing an EMF across it

= 2
Mutual Inductance
between the coils
12
On solving = M=N1N2/R

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DOT CONVENTIONS

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 TRANSFORMERS

A transformer is a magnetic circuit consisting of 2 coils wound on a common iron core

More than 2 windings can also be used
Used in efficient transfer of Electric Power from the Generating station to our homes
2 types Step Up and Step down
Step Up : Steps up the voltage at lower currents ( v x I = constant ) ( Neglecting leakage flux)
Step Down : Steps down the voltage but at a higher current
Voltages are stepped up prior to transmission so that the Copper losses are minimal
Used in Electronic, Control and Communication systems
Used for isolating 2 circuits as there is a magnetic coupling between the two and no
physical contact
Used for impedance matching to have maximum power transfer from source to load

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TRANSFORMERS

M12
M21
i1 i2
L1 L2

Circuit symbol

There may be connections to both windings so i1 and i2 both can be non zero

As a result, i1 that passes through L1 produces a voltage L1 1 and i2 that passes

through L2 induces a voltage M12 2 across the primary

Total voltage across the primary :

v1 = +
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 TRANSFORMERS

Similarly the voltage across the secondary winding is v2 = +

= = M = N1N2 / R
The Energy stored in the form of magnetic field in the transformer is given by

= + + ()

As a transformer works on AC, the currents and voltages are all phasors, we
can represent the transformer equations as follows
= +
= +

= corresponds to = 1 in the frequency domain

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TRANSFORMER CIRCUIT REPRESENTATION

The transformer can be represented by 3

uncoupled inductors as shown here

TRANSFORMER LOSSES

HYSTERESIS LOSS EDDY CURRENT LOSSES

Energy dissipation in the form of heat in As a core is a conductor and a time

the core of the t/f on account of rapid varying magnetic flux will pass
magnetization and demagnetization through it, an EMF hence circulating
currents are generated in the core
that lead to I2R losses (core heating)

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COUPLING COEFFICIENT

It is the measure of the magnetic coupling between the 2 coils

Denoted by k
0<k<1

=
12
Coupling coefficient depends upon
Permeability of the core material
Number of turns in each coil
Relative position and the dimensions of the 2 coils
Loosely Coupled T/F -> k=0 (almost) (Air Core T/F)
Tightly Coupled T/F -> k=1 (almost) (Iron Core T/F)

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 k=1 perfect coupling
IDEAL TRANSFORMER L1 , L 2 =
no losses

Figure shows the circuit symbol for an ideal t/f (k=1)

k=1
The phasor relationship is as follows
iI11 Ii22
V1 L1 L2 V2
= 1 +
= 2 +

As = 12 , we can write V2 in terms of V1 as 2 = 2

1 1

Turns Ratio (N)

N
Ratio of secondary to primary turns
N>1 : Step Up T/F
2 = 22/
= 1 12/ = 2 N<1 : Step Down T/F
1
N=1 : Isolation T/F

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IDEAL TRANSFORMER MODEL

A transformer with perfect coupling is said to be ideal if L1 and L2 approach and the
turns ratio remains constant

For an ideal t/f 2 = 1

2 = 1/

1 2 1 2
+ + + +

1 2 + 2 1 2/ +- 1/
- 1 2

- - - -

IDEAL TRANSFORMER MODEL ALTERNATE IDEAL TRANSFORMER MODEL

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IDEAL TRANSFORMER AS A LOSSLESS DEVICE

Instantaneous power absorbed by the primary winding : =

Instantaneous power absorbed by the secondary winding : =
Total Instantaneous power absorbed by the T/F: p = p1 + 2
1
= 11 + 22 = 11 + 1

=

Since the instantaneous power is 0, the average power and the energy stored = 0

IDEAL TRANSFORMER IS A LOSSLESS DEVICE

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