L.D.

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
SUBJECT:- PHYSICAL AND INORGANIC
CHEMISTRY(PIC)
TOPIC:- INTRODUCTION TO
INSTRUMENTAL METHODS
PREPARED BY :-
1) BHUMIT PATEL- 140280105034
2) RISHAB PAL- 140280105043
3) PRAJAPATI UMANG-140280105039
4) DABHI DHRUVRAJ(D2D)- 150283105002
5) HET GANDHI (D2D)- 150283105004
INTRODUCTION TO
INSTRUMENTAL METHODS
INTRODUCTION:-
There are many instrumental methods which
can be used to identify elements and
compounds.
These methods may be carried out
automatically by machine that give accurate
and rapid results from very small samples.
Progress in electronics and computing has
helped the development of instrumental
methods.
ELECTRO-ANALYTICAL METHODS:-
Electro analytical methods are a class of techniques in
analytical chemistry which study an analyte by measuring
the potential (volts) and/or current (amperes) in an
electrochemical cell containing the analyte.
These methods can be broken down into several categories
depending on which aspects of the cell are controlled and
which are measured.
The three main categories are potentiometry (the difference
in electrode potentials is measured), coulometry (the cells
current is measured over time), and voltammetry (the cells
current is measured while actively altering the cells
potential).
POTENTIOMETRY:-
Potentiometry passively measures the potential of a
solution between two electrodes, affecting the
solution very little in the process.
One electrode is called the reference electrode and
has a constant potential, while the other one is an
indicator electrode whose potential changes with the
composition of the sample.
Therefore, the difference of potential between the
two electrodes gives an assessment of the
composition of the sample.
COULOMETRY:-
Coulometry uses applied current or potential
to completely convert an analyte from one
oxidation state to another.
In these experiments, the total current passed
is measured directly or indirectly to determine
the number of electrons passed.
Common forms of coulometry include bulk
electrolysis, also known as Potentiostatic
coulometry or controlled potential coulometry,
as well as a variety of coulometric titrations.
VOLTAMMETRY:-
Voltammetry applies a constant and/or varying
potential at an electrodes surface and
measures the resulting current with a three
electrode system.
This method can reveal the reduction potential
of an analyte and its electrochemical reactivity.
This method in practical terms is non
destructive since only a very small amount of
the analyte is consumed at the two-
dimensional surface of the working and
auxiliary electrodes.
CONDUCTOMETRY:-
Conductometry is a measurement of
electrolytic conductivity to monitor a progress
of chemical reaction.
Conductometry has notable application in
analytical chemistry, where conductometric
titration is a standard technique.
Conductometry is often applied to determine
the total conductance of a solution or to
analyze the end point of titrations that include
ions.
APPLICATIONS OF CONDUCTOMETRY:-

It can be used for the determination of :-

1) Solubility of sparingly soluble salts.
2) Ionic product of waters.
3) Basicity of organic acids.
4) Salinity of sea water.
5) Chemical equilibrium of ionic reaction.
6) Conductometric titration.
POTENTIOMETRIC ANALYSIS:-
A potentiometer is an instrument for measuring
the potential (voltage) in a circuit.
A great deal of quantitative measurements in
chemical analyses are based on
electrochemistry. Called electrochemical
methods, they can be separated into two
categories: those based upon measurements of
potentials (potentiometry) and those which
exploit measurements of current (voltammetry).
 MERITS AND DEMERITS OF
POTENTIOMETRY:-
MERITS:-
Relatively inexpensive and simple to use and
have an extremely wide range of applications
and wide concentration range.
They can be used very rapidly and easily.
DEMERITS:-
Precision is rarely better than 1%.
Electrodes can be affected by proteins or
other organic solutes.
APPLICATIONS:-
Some routine applications of the method are:-
In agriculture, the analysis of nitrates in soil
samples.
In industry, the analyses of chlorides in paper
paste, cyanides in electrolysis baths, chlorides
and fluorides in galvanic processes.
In clinical chemistry, the analysis of certain
ions in serum and other biological fluids.
ELETROMAGNETIC RADIATION
Electromagnetic radiation (EM radiation or EMR) is
the radiant energy released by certain
electromagnetic processes.
Visible light is one type of electromagnetic
radiation; other familiar forms are invisible
electromagnetic radiations, such as radio waves,
infrared light and X-rays.
Electromagnetic waves are produced whenever
charged particles are accelerated, and these waves
can subsequently interact with any charged
particles.