MICROBIOLOGY

LECTURE I
INTRODUCTION
 MICROBIOLOGY

I. Definition
II. Brief History of Microbiology
III. Basic Fields of Microbiology
IV. Divisions of Microbiology
V. Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cell
DEFINITION
LECTURE I
INTRODUCTION
 I. DEFINITION

MICROBIOLOGY

The scientific study of microscopic

organisms and viruses, and their
roles in human disease as well as
beneficial processes.
 I. DEFINITION

MICROORGANISMS

A microscopic form of life

including bacterial, fungal,
and protozoal cells.
 I. DEFINITION

MICROORGANISMS
BRIEF HISTORY
LECTURE I
INTRODUCTION
 I. BRIEF HISTORY

ROBERT HOOKE
English natural philosopher (the term scientist was not
coined until 1833), was one of the most inventive and
ingenious minds in the history of science.

As the Curator of Experiments for the Royal Society of

London, Hooke was the first to take advantage of the
magnification abilities of the compound microscope.

Although these microscopes only magnified about 25 times

(25x), Hooke's observations of thin slices of cork showed that
these slices consisted of "a great many little boxes"
 I. BRIEF HISTORY

MICROGRAPHIA
This book contained
Hooke's descriptions of
microscopes and was
filled with stunning
handdrawn illustrations,
including the first
microorganism (a
common bread mold)
made from the objects he
saw with his microscope.
 I. BRIEF HISTORY

CORK SLICE
He called the empty,
enclosed spaces cella-
from which today we
have the word cell.
 I. BRIEF HISTORY

ANTON VAN LEEUWENHOEK

Contemporary of Hooke, was a successful tradesman
Cloth merchant
First to observed microbes
Present his animacules
to the Royal Society
 I. BRIEF HISTORY

SIMPLE MICROCOPE
Microscope of Anton
van Leeuwenhoek
 I. BRIEF HISTORY

ANIMACULES
Leeuwenhoeks
drawing on animacules
(bacterial cells)
 I. BRIEF HISTORY

SPONTANEOUS GENERATION

In the early 1600s, most naturalists were "vitalists,"

individuals who thought life depended on a
mysterious "vital force" that pervaded all
organisms. This force provided the basis for the
doctrine of SPOTANEOUS GENERATION.

It suggested that organisms could arise from where

there was purefaction and decay.
 I. BRIEF HISTORY

SPONTANEOUS GENERATION

Regarding the latter, Leeuwenhoek suggested that

maggots did not arise from wheat grains, but rather
from tiny eggs laid in the grain that he could see in
his microscope.

Such divergent observation required a new form f

investigation EXPERIMENTATION and new
generation of experimental naturalist arose.
 I. BRIEF HISTORY

FRANCESCO REDI
Performed one of historys first
biological experiments to see if
maggots could arise
from rotting meat.
 I. BRIEF HISTORY

REDIS EXPERIMENT
The idea of spontaneous
generation could produce
larger living creatures soon
subsided.
However, what about the
mysterious and minute
animacules that appeared
to straddle the boundary
between the non-living and
living world?
1668
 I. BRIEF HISTORY

LOUIS PASTEUR
1859

Disproved the Spontaneous Generation through his

experiment in many years
 I. BRIEF HISTORY

PASTEURS EXPERIMENT 1
 I. BRIEF HISTORY

PASTEURS EXPERIMENT 2A
 I. BRIEF HISTORY

PASTEURS EXPERIMENT 2B
 SOME EARLY ACCOMPLISHMENTS IN
MICROBIOLOGY

INVESTIGATOR TIME FRAME ACCOMPLISHMENTS

Fracostoro Mid-1500s Contagion passes among individuals,
objects, and air
Hooke Late-1600s The compound microscope is used for
magnifying small objects;
reproductive structures of a mold
observed and described

Fabricius Early 1700s Fungi cause diseases in plants

Jablot Early 1700s Various forms of protozoa observed
Needham Mid-1700s Animalcules in broth arise by
spontaneous generation
Spallanzani Mid-1700s Heat destroys animalcules in broth
Jenner Late 1700s Vaccination against smallpox is
successful
 SOME EARLY ACCOMPLISHMENTS IN
MICROBIOLOGY

INVESTIGATOR TIME FRAME ACCOMPLISHMENTS

Ehrenberg Early-1800s Many of the microscopic

animalcules are called
bacteria

Henle Mid-1800s Living organisms could

cause disease

Semmelweis Mid-1800s Chlorine hand washing

prevents disease spread

Snow Mid-1800s Water is involved in

disease transmission

Pasteur Mid-1800s Spontaneous generation

does not occur
 SOME EARLY ACCOMPLISHMENTS IN
MICROBIOLOGY

INVESTIGATOR TIME FRAME ACCOMPLISHMENTS

Ehrenberg Early-1800s Many of the microscopic

animalcules are called
bacteria

Henle Mid-1800s Living organisms could

cause disease

Semmelweis Mid-1800s Chlorine hand washing

prevents disease spread

Snow Mid-1800s Water is involved in

disease transmission

Pasteur Mid-1800s Spontaneous generation

does not occur
THE CLASSICAL
GOLDEN AGE OF
MICROBIOLOGY
LECTURE I
INTRODUCTION
 I. BRIEF HISTORY

LOUIS PASTEUR
Proved that yeast are the organisms that are responsible for
the chemical process of wine fermentation
 I. BRIEF HISTORY

LOUIS PASTEUR
Germ Theory of Disease

He recommended a practical solution for the wine disease

problem: heat the grape juice to destroy all the evidence of
life.

PASTEURIZATION
Heating technique to kill the pathogens
 I. BRIEF HISTORY

LOUIS PASTEUR
His experiment demonstrated that yeast and bacterial cells
are tiny, living factories in which important chemical changes
takes place.

Infections could cause disease- GERMS

 I. BRIEF HISTORY

ROBERT KOCH
He developed methods of staining bacterial cells and
preparing permanent visual records.

In 1877, he accepted an appointment to the Imperial Health

Office, and while there, he observed a sliced potato on which
small masses of bacterial cells, which he termed colonies,
were growing and multiplying.
 I. BRIEF HISTORY

ROBERT KOCH
He tried adding gelatin to his broth to prepare a solid culture
surface in a culture (Petri) dish.

He innoculated bacterial cells on the surface and set the dish

aside to incubate.

Withing 24 hours, visible colonies were present on the

surface.
 THE CLASSICAL GOLDEN AGE OF MICROBIOLOGY

INVESTIGATOR TIME FRAME ACCOMPLISHMENTS

Joseph Lister (1865) Great Britain Developed the principles of aseptic

surgery

Otto Obermeier (1868) Germany Observed bacterial cells in relapsing

fever patients

Ferdinand Cohn (1872) Germany Established bacteriology as a science;

produced the first bacterial taxonomy
scheme
Gerhard Hansen (1873) Norway Observed bacterial cells in leprosy
patients

Ernst Karl Abbe (1878) Germany Developed the oil-immersion lens and
Abbe condenser for the compound
microscope
 THE CLASSICAL GOLDEN AGE OF MICROBIOLOGY

INVESTIGATOR TIME FRAME ACCOMPLISHMENTS

Friedrich Loeffler (1883) Germany Isolated diphtheria bacillus

Georg Gaffky (1884) Germany Cultivated the typhoid bacillus

Hans Christian Gram Denmark Introduced staining system to

(1884) identify bacterial cells

Elie Metchnikoff (1884) Ukraine Described phagocytosis

Paul Ehrlich (1885) Germany Suggested some dyes might control

bacterial infections
 THE CLASSICAL GOLDEN AGE OF MICROBIOLOGY

INVESTIGATOR TIME FRAME ACCOMPLISHMENTS

Daniel E. Salmon (1886) United States Studied swine plague

Emile Roux and France Identified the diphtheria toxin

Alexandre Yersin (1888)

Shibasaburo Kitasato Japan Isolated the tetanus bacillus

(1889)

Emilvon Behring (1890) Germany Developed the diphtheria antitoxin

Sergius Winogradsky Russia Studied the biochemistry of soil

(1891) bacteria
 THE CLASSICAL GOLDEN AGE OF MICROBIOLOGY

INVESTIGATOR TIME FRAME ACCOMPLISHMENTS

Dimitri Ivanowsky Russia Studied tobacco mosaic disease from

(1892) which he
isolated a filterable agent
Richard Pfeiffer (1892) Germany Identified a cause of meningitis

William Welch (1892) United States Isolated the gas gangrene bacillus

Theobald Smith (1893) United States Proved that ticks transmit Texas fever

Masaki Ogata (1897) Japan Discovered that rat fleas transmit

plague
 THE CLASSICAL GOLDEN AGE OF MICROBIOLOGY

INVESTIGATOR TIME FRAME ACCOMPLISHMENTS

Ronald Ross (1898) Great Britain Showed mosquitoes can transmit

malaria

Kiyoshi Shiga (1898) Japan Isolated a cause of bacterial dysentery

Martinus Beijerinck Netherlands microbiology and provided some of

(1899) the first clues for viruses as infectious
agents
Walter Reed (1901) United States Studied mosquito transmission of
yellow fever
in Cuba
David Bruce (1903) Great Britain Proved that tsetse flies transmit
sleeping sickness
 THE CLASSICAL GOLDEN AGE OF MICROBIOLOGY

INVESTIGATOR TIME FRAME ACCOMPLISHMENTS

Almroth Wright (1903) Great Britain Described opsonins to assist

phagocytosis

Jules Bordet (1906) France Described opsonins to assist

phagocytosis

Albert Calmette (1906) France Developed immunization process for

tuberculosis

Howard Ricketts (1906) United States Showed that ticks transmit Rocky
Mountain
spotted fever
Charles Nicolle (1909) France Proved that lice transmit typhus fever
BASIC FIELDS OF
MICROBIOLOGY
LECTURE I
INTRODUCTION
 BASIC FIELDS OF MICROBIOLOGY

MICROBIOLOGY

BACTERIOLOGY VIROLOGY MYCOLOGY

PARASITOLOGY PROTOZOOLOGY PHYCOLOGY

 BASIC FIELDS OF MICROBIOLOGY

BACTERIOLOGY

Study of Bacteria and Archea

Today, it is estimated that there may be more than 10 million bacterial

species. Most are very small, single-celled organisms (although some
form filaments, and many associated in a bacterial mass called a
"biofilm").

Based on recent biochemical and molecular studies, these bacterial

species have been divided into two domains, called the Bacteria and the
Archaea.
 BASIC FIELDS OF MICROBIOLOGY

VIROLOGY

Study of Virus

Although not correctly labeled as microorganisms, currently there are

more than 3,600 known types of viruses.

Viruses are not cellular; rather, they have a core of nucleic

acid (DNA or RNA) surrounded by a protein coat. Among the features
used to identify viruses are morphology (size, shape), genetic
material (RNA, DNA), and biological properties (organism or tissue
infected).
 BASIC FIELDS OF MICROBIOLOGY

MYCOLOGY

Study of Fungi

The fungi include the unicellular yeasts and the multicellular mushrooms
and molds.

Most fungi grow best in warm, moist places and secrete digestive
enzymes that break down nutrients into smaller bits that can be
absorbed easily Fungi thus live in their own food supply.
 BASIC FIELDS OF MICROBIOLOGY

PARASITOLOGY

Study of parasitic
protozoan and
parasitic animals
 BASIC FIELDS OF MICROBIOLOGY

PROTOZOOLOGY

Study of Protozoa

The protista consist of singlecelled protozoa and algae. Some are free
living others live in association with plants or
animals.

Locomotion may be achieved by flagella or cilia, or by a crawling

movement.
 BASIC FIELDS OF MICROBIOLOGY

PHYCOLOGY

Study of algae
 DIVISION OF
MICROBIOLOGY
LECTURE I
INTRODUCTION
DIVISION OF MICROBIOLOGY
DIVISION OF MICROBIOLOGY
DIVISIN OF MICROBIOLOGY
DIVISIN OF MICROBIOLOGY
PROKARYOTIC AND
EUKARYOTIC CELL
LECTURE I
INTRODUCTION
 PROKARYOTES

A microorganism in the domain Bacteria or

Archaea composed of single cells having a single
chromosome but no cell nucleus or other membrane-
bound compartments;
 PROKARYOTIC CELL

Referring to cells or organisms having a single

chromosome but no cell nucleus or other membrane-
bound compartments.
 EUKARYOTE

An organism whose cells contain a cell nucleus with

multiple chromosomes, a nuclear envelope, and
membrane bound compartments
 EUKARYOTIC CELL

Referring to a
cell or organism
containing a cell
nucleus with
multiple
chromosomes, a
nuclear
envelope, and
membrane-
bound
compartments.
PROKARYOTES AND EUKARYOTES:
THE SIMILARITIES IN
ORGANIZATION PATTERNS

LECTURE I
INTRODUCTION
 GENETIC ORGANIZATION

All have a similar genetic organization whereby the

hereditary material is communicated or expressed.

The organizational pattern for the hereditary

material is in the chromosome.
 COMPARTMENTATION

All prokaryotes and eukaryotes have an

organizational pattern separating the internal
compartments from the surrounding environment
but allowing for the exchange of solutes and waste.
 METABOLIC ORGANIZATION

The process of metabolism is a consequence of

compartentation. By being enclosed by a membrane,
all cells have internal envirnonment in which
chemical reactions occur.

The space is called cytoplasm.

 PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

All organisms must make proteins, are workhorses

of cells and organisms. The structure common to all
prokaryotes and eukaryotes is the ribosome, an
RNA-protein machine that cranks out proteins based
on the genetic instructions it receives from the DNA.
PROKARYOTES AND EUKARYOTES:
THE STRUCTURAL DISTINCTIONS

LECTURE I
INTRODUCTION
 PROTEIN/LIPID TRANSPORT

EUKARYOTIC PROKARYOTIC
Eukaryotic microbes have a
series of membrane-enclosed
organelles in the cytosol that
compose the cell's
endomembrane system, which is
designed to transport protein and
lipid cargo through and out of the
cell.
This system includes the
endoplasmic reticulum (ER),
which consists of flat membranes
to which are attached (rough ER)
and tubelike membranes without
ribosomes (smooth ER).
Prokaryotes lack an
endomembrane system, yet
they are capable of
manufacturing and modifying
proteins and lipids just as
their eukaryotic relatives do.
However, many bacterial cells
contain so-called
microcompartments
surrounded by a protein shell.
 ENERGY METABOLISM

EUKARYOTIC PROKARYOTIC
In eukaryotic microbes, Bacterial and archaeal
this occurs in the cells lack
cytosol and in mitochondria; they use
membrane-enclosed the cytosol and cell
organelles called membrane to
mitochondria. complete the energy
converting process.
 CELL STRUCTURE AND TRANSPORT

EUKARYOTIC PROKARYOTIC
The eukaryotic Prokaryotes to date
cytoskeleton is organized
into an interconnected
have no physical
system of fibers, threads, cytoskeleton, although
and interwoven proteins related to
molecules that give those that construct
structure to the cell and microtubules and actin
assist in the transport of
materials throughout the
filaments aid in
cell. determining the shape
in some bacterial cells.
EUKARYOTIC AND PROKARYOTIC CELL
 EUKARYOTIC AND PROKARYOTIC CELL

ORGANELLES/ PROKARYOTES EUKARYOTES

CHARACTERISTICS
Size of Cell Typically 0.2-2.0 m Typically 10-100 m

Nucleus No Nucleus Have Nucleus

DNA Exist as Single, Circular Exist as many strands
Strand
Location of DNA Located in the The nuclear envelope
nucleotide, an area surrounds the nucleus,
without a protective regulating what goes in
membrane and out
Chromosomes Have chromosomes Have Chromosomes
 EUKARYOTIC AND PROKARYOTIC CELL

ORGANELLES/ PROKARYOTES EUKARYOTES

CHARACTERISTICS
Organelles Have no organelles Organelles are wrapped in
wrapped in membranes membranes
Size of Cell Smaller Bigger
Ribosomes They have smaller They have bigger
ribosomes ribosomes
Microtubules in their Do not have Microtubules They have Microtubules in
Flagella in their Flagella their Flagella /Cilia
Plasma Membrane The plasma membrane is The plasma membranes
made of peptidoglycans, are made of phospholipid
or protein sugar.
Microtubules in their Do not have Microtubules They have Microtubules in
Flagella in their Flagella their Flagella /Cilia
Plasma Membrane The plasma membrane is The plasma membranes
made of peptidoglycans, are made of phospholipid
or protein sugar.