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Geometric Optics
1 1 1
s s f
Copyright 2012 Pearson Education Inc.
Image of an extended object
Figure 34.14 below shows how to determine the
position, orientation and height of the image.
m y '/ y s '/ s
na nb nb na
Start with
s s R
nb nb na na n s (nb na ) Rna
b
s R s s Rs
Rs 1.52(2 cm)(8 cm)
s nb 11.3 cm
s(nb na ) Rna (8 cm)(0.52) (2 cm)
y na s 11.3 cm
Start with m 0.926
y nb s (1.52)(8 cm)
We now will derive a very important general equation, called the lensmakers
equation. We will apply our earlier formula twice:
na nb nb na
s1 s1 R1
nb nc nc nb
s2 s2 R2
Since the first and third materials are air, na = nc = 1, so we do not need the subscript
b on the remaining n. Also, s2 = s1. The equations are now:
1 n n 1 lensmakers equation
s1 s1 R1 1 1 1 1 1 1
(n 1) 1
n 1 1 n s s R1 R2
( n 1)
f R1 R2
s1 s2 R2 Used to determine focal length from radii
Copyright 2012 Pearson Education Inc.
Determining the focal length of a lens
Example 34.8: (a) Determine focal length of converging lens below if both radii
are 10 cm and index of refraction is 1.52. (b) Determine focal length of a
diverging lens of the same curvatures. (a)
1 1 1 1 1 1
(n 1) (1.52 1)
f R1 R2 f 10 cm 10 cm
f 9.6 cm
1 1 1 1 1 1
(b) (n 1) (1.52 1)
f R1 R2 f 10 cm 10 cm
f 9.6 cm
1 1 1 1 1
f 48 cm
f s s 48 cm
1 1
power 2.1 diopters
f 48 cm
Copyright 2012 Pearson Education Inc.
The magnifier
Angular magnification is M = q/q. See Figure 34.51 below.
The angular magnification of a simple magnifier is
M = q/q = (25 cm)/f.