VPY-101

Experiment-1
 Definitions
Hematology

It is the science which deals with various blood values or it is a study of

results of various blood components may be quantitative or qualitative.

Haemogram

It is a complete detailed record of the findings in a thorough

examination of the blood especially with reference to the number,
proportions and morphological feature of the blood elements. It
includes ESR, PCV, HB,TEC MCV MCHC.TLC and DLC.

Defibrination

Removal of fibrin i.e. prevention of formation of fibrin or it can be called

as another terminology for prevention of clotting of blood.
 Blood collection
Objectives
1. For disease diagnosis

2. Prognosis and proper treatment.

3. For blood transfusion.

4. For academic purpose.

Proper and safe restraint
 Material required
Needle

Syringe

Collection vial

Spirit

Cotton
 Blood collection sites
Jugular vein

Anterior vena cava

Cephalic vein

Saphenous vein

Ear vein

Cardiac
Dogs
Dogs
 Cats
Jugular vein

Saphenous vein

Cephalic vein

Femoral vein
Cats
Cattle
Goat
Sheep
 Pig

Jugular vein

Anterior vena cava

Cephalic vein

Orbital sinus

Tail vein
 Other lab animals
Rabbit, Guinea pig-

Ear vein, Cardiac puncture

Rat, Mouse-

Orbital sinus

Bird-

Wing vein
 Anticoagulant

It is a substance that prevents the clotting of

blood by removing calcium, or by inactivating
thrombin and thromboplastin or by removing
fibrin i.e. defibrination. This preservation for
short period can be done in refrigeration
temperature (40C) and for longer period in the
deep freeze.
 Ethylene diamine tetra-acetate (EDTA)

It is available as sodium or potassium

salts and prevents clotting by chelating
calcium
 Sodium Citrate

It prevents clotting by chelating

calcium ions. It is used as 1 part of
3.8% aqueous solution citrate and 9
parts of the blood
 Acid citrate Dextrose (ACD)

It is a specialized anticoagulant mixture

used for blood transfusion.
 Oxalate salts (Hellers and pauls
mixture)

3 parts of ammonium oxalate and 2 parts of

potassium oxalate. It prevents clotting by
chelating calcium ions.
 Heparin
Heparin is a natural anticoagulant occurring in liver
and various other body tissues. Heparin acts by
neutralizing the action of thrombin by complexing
with antithrombin-III.

Optimum concentration used is 1% heparin solution

as 0.1ml/5.0 ml of blood.
 Precautions
Needle and syringe should be dry to prevent hemolysis

Before transferring blood from syringe to vial, needle must

be removed because flow through needle under pressure
may cause rupture of cells.

Animal should be restrained with minimum force to take

the blood sample representative of the animal at rest.

Clip hair from site of collection and make it sterile by

applying spirit.

Vials containing anticoagulants should be dried in oven at

55C for 30 minutes (except heparin) to evaporate the
water content, prior to blood collection.