Energy Balance

Sazlinda Kamaruzaman, PhD.

Bsf 252A, Department of Chemistry
03-89466807
 ENERGY BALANCES
Objectives:
Concepts & units
Several common forms of energy
Estimation of heat capacity
The concept of the microscopic energy balances
Energy balance for close systems
Energy balanced for opened systems
Energy balances with chemical reactions

References:
D. M Himmelblau, Basic Principles and Calculations in Chemical
Engineering, Prentice Hall, New Jersey, 1982.
C. J. Geankoplis, Transport Processes and Unit Operations, Prentice Hall,
New Jersey, 1993.

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Concepts & Units

To use the energy balance, we have to express the balance

as an equation

Each term of energy balance has to be written in

mathematical symbols so that we can simplify the equation as
appropriate, and then we can carry out the necessary
calculations

The units of each term in the equation must be consistent as

is the case with material balance
joule (J), British thermal unit (Btu), calorie (cal) etc.

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 STATE FUNCTION AND STATE
PROPERTIES
The state of the system can be
changed
Properties of the system change
depends only on the initial (before)
and final states of the system
Satate function or state property, X,
between some final (state 2) and
initial (state 1) situations

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Energy often categorized as???

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KINETIC ENEGRY

Exercise:
water is pumped from a storage tank into a tube of 3.00 cm
inner diameter at the rate of 0.001 m3/s. What is the
specific kinetic energy of the water? (assuming that =
1000 kg/m3)
(Answer: 1.00 J/kg)

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POTENTIAL ENERGY

Gravitational potential energy of an

object mass, m at an elevation z in
gravitational field, relative to its
gravitational potential energy at
reference elevation, zo

zo= 0

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 INTERNAL ENERGY

Internal energy (U)

all energy possessed by a system other than kinetic and
potential energy; or
Energy due to translation, rotation, vibration &
electromagnetic interactions of the molecules, atom and
subatomic particle within the system.
ENTALPHY, H

P = pressure, V = volume
W = PAd. Now note that Ad = V, the volume swept out
by the displacement.
Alternate way to write the displacement work is W = PV.

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 Transfer of Energy
In closed system (i.e. no mass is transferred across the
system boundaries while the process is taking place), energy
may be transferred between such a system and its
surroundings in two ways as heat or work.
Heat
Energy that flows as a result of temperature difference
between a system and its surroundings.
The direction of flow is always from a higher temperature to
a low one.
Heat is defined as positive when its transferred to the
system from the surroundings.
Q > 0 means that net heat is transferred to the system so as
to increase the energy of the system.
Q < 0, then net heat is transferred from the system to the
surroundings, and the system has lost energy.
Q has units of energy (e.g. J, BTU, cal).
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 Transfer of Energy
Work
energy that flows in response to any driving force other a
temperature difference, such as a force, a torque or a
voltage
W > 0 means that the system has performed work on
the surroundings such that the energy remaining in
the system has decreased.
If W < 0, then surroundings have performed net work
on the system so as to increase the systems energy.
Work has units of energy (e.g. J, cal, BTU).

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 Exercise:
Suppose that an ideal gas at 300 K and 200 kPa is enclosed in a
cylinder by a frictionless piston, and the gas slowly forces the piston
so that the volume of gas expands from 0.1 to 0.2 m3. Calculate the
work done by the gas on the piston (the only part of the boundary
that moves) if two different paths are used to go from the initial state
to the final state:
Path A: the expansion occurs at constant pressure (p = 200 kPa)
Path B: the expansion occurs at constant temperature (T = 300 K)

Hints:

state 2 F V2 V2 nRT
W Ads pdV dV
state 1 A V1 V1 V
Answers: Path A (-20 kJ) Path B (-13.86 kJ)
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 First Law of Thermodynamics
Law of conservation of energy, which state
that energy can neither be created nor
destroyed.

General form of first law of thermodynamics

Inlet Energy + Heat - Outlet Energy

Work = Accumulation

Inlet energy and outlet energy is

summation/total of all energy such as potential,
kinetic and internal energy
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Accumulation term
Type of energy At time t1 (initial) At time t2 (final)
Internal U t1 Ut2
Kinetic EKt1 EKt2
Potential EPt1 EPt2
Mass mt 1 mt 2

Energy accompanying mass transport

Mass transport Transport in Transport out

Internal U1 U2
Kinetic EK1 EK2
Potential EP1 EP2
Mass m1 m2

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 Kinetic Energy Equation (Ek)
Kinetic energy, Ek (J) of an object of mass m (kg)
moving with velocity u (m/s) relative to the surface of
the earth is

1
E k mu 2
2
If the fluid enters a system with a mass flow rate m
(kg/s) and uniform velocity u (m/s), the rate at which
kinetic energy E k (J/s) is transported into the system is

1
E k m u 2
2
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Potential Energy Equation (Ep)
Gravitational potential energy, Ep
E p mgz

E p m
gz
if the fluid enters a system with a
mass flow rate m (kg/s) and an
elevation z relative to the potential
energy reference plane.
E E E m
p p2 p1
g(z z )
2 1
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 Example
Water flows into a process unit through a 2 cm
ID pipe at a rate of 2 m3/h. Calculate the
kinetic energy transport in this stream in unit
J/s.

Solution:

Ek= 0.870 N.m/s= 0.870 J/s

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 Energy Balances on Closed
System
Closed system
no mass is transferred across the system boundaries
while the process is taking place
Energy balance
Final System Energy Initial System Energy
= Net Energy Transferred to the System

Initial energy system = Ui + Eki + Epi

Final energy system = Uf + Ekf + Epf
Net energy transfer = Q-W

(Uf-Ui) + (Ekf-Eki) + (Epf-Epi) = Q-W

U E k E p Q W 23
 Energy Balances on Closed
System
When applying energy balance equation to a given process, the
following point must be aware;
1. The internal energy of a system depends almost entirely on
the chemical composition, state of aggregation (solid, liquid,
or gas), and temperature of the system materials. If no
temperature changes, phase changes, or chemical reactions
occur in a closed system and if pressure changes are less
than a few atmospheres, then U 0.
2. If a system is not accelerating, then Ek = 0. If a system is
not rising or falling, then Ep = 0.
3. If a system and its surroundings are at the same
temperature or the system is perfectly insulated, then Q = 0.
The process is then termed adiabatic.
4. Work done on or by a closed system is accomplished by
movement of the system boundary against a resisting force
or the passage of an electrical current or radiation across the
system boundary. If there no moving parts or electrical
current at the system boundary, then W = 0.
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Energy balances for close systems

System boundary
System
Energy inventory Accumulation
Internal energy U = Ut2 - Ut1
Kinetic energy EK = EKt2 - EKt1
Potential energy EP = EPt2 - EPt1
Total energy E = Et2 - Et1

+ +
Heat, Q Work, W
- -
Surroundings
 Energy Balances on Open
System
In open system, mass is transferred across the system
boundaries while the process is taking place.
Therefore work must be done on open system to push mass in
and work is done on the surrounding by mass that emerges
from the systems.
Both work terms must be include in the energy balance for open
system
The net work done by an open system

W W s W fl and W fl W out Win PoutVout PinVin

W s - shaft work
rate of work done by the process fluid on a moving part
within the system such as a pump rotor.
W fl - flow work
rate of work done by the fluid at the system outlet minus
rate of work done by the fluid at the system inlet.
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 Energy Balances on Open
System
^ symbol is used to denote the specific property
(property divided by mass or by mole) such as
specific internal energy ( kJ/kg), specific volume ( V
m3/kg) and so on.

One important property for energy balance on open

system is specific enthalpy ( kJ/kg).

H U PV

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Energy Balances Equation for
Open System

H E k E p Q W s
H j j
m
H
output
j j
input
m
H
stream stream
2 2
m ju j m ju j
E k
output 2

input 2
stream stream

E p m gz
output
j j m gz
input
j j

stream stream
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HOMEWORK

HOW YOU DERIVE THE EQUATION

OF

H E k E p Q W s

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EXERCISE 1

A closed system of mass 2 kg undergoes an adiabatic process.

The work done on the system is 30 kJ. The velocity of the system
changes from 3m/s to 15 m/s. During the process, the evelation
of the system increases 45 meters. Determine the change in
internal energy of the system.

Answer 29 kJ

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EXERCISE 2
Example (open systems mass flows in & out of the system)

Air is being compressed from 100 kPa and 255 K (where it has
an enthalpy of 489 kJ/kg) to 1000 kPa and 278 K (where it has an
enthalpy of 509 kJ/kg). The exit velocity of the air from the
compressor is 60 m/s. what is the power required for the
compressor if the load is 100 kg/hr of air?

225 K W=? 278 K

1 = 489 kJ/kg 2 = 509 kJ/kg

V1 = 0 V2 = 60 m/s

1 2

100 kPa 1000 kPa

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Solution

Assumption:
1. The process is in the steady state, hence E = 0
2. m1 = m2 = m
3. No heat exchange, Q = 0 (small)
4. No potential energy, P = 0 ((Pm) = 0)
5. v1 = 0 (small)

E = - [(H + K+ P )m] + Q + W

W = [( H + K )m] = H + K

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Basis: 1 kg of air

= 509 489 kJ = 20 kJ/kg

K = mV2/2 = (60 x 60) = 1.80 kJ/kg
W = (20 + 1.8) = 21.8 kJ/kg

Basis: 100 kg of air

= 2000 kJ
K = 180 kJ
W = 2180 kJ

To convert to power
Power = work / time
= 2180 kJ /3600 s = 0.61 kW

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EXERCISE 3
Superheated steam at 10 bar pressure and 200OC flows
at 2kg/s into a heat exchanger (where it has an enthalpy
of 2828 kJ/kg). The steam preheats a reactor feed by
transferring 450 kW of heat. The pressure drop across the
heat exchanger is negligible. Determine the enthalpy of
steam exiting the heat exchanger.

ANSWER : 2603 kJ/kg

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