Buoyancy

Bouyancy
Also the buoyant force is equal to the difference between the
weight of the object in air and the weight of the object in liquid. The
weight of the object in the liquid is sometimes called apparent weight

That is, BF = Wo - Wa
Sample problem
1. A block of wood when placed in water projects 6cm above the water
surface. When placed in a liquid of specific gravity 1.60 it projects 10cm
above the surface of that liquid. What is the specific gravity of the
wood
Sample problem
2. A 60 cm cube weighing 2000N is lowered in a tank containing 1.80 m
of water below 1.80 m of oil of specific gravity 0.80. if the sides of the
cube remain vertical:

a) How much of the cube protrudes above the oil-water interface?

b) What is the total hydrostatic force acting on the side of the cube?
Sample problem
3. A closed empty steel cylindrical tank 2m in diameter 3m high is to be
used as a buoy in fresh water. What would be the size of the concrete
cube if the tank would be submerged 2m into the water? The steel tank
weighs 500kN. Use Sconc.=2.4
Sample problem
A rectangular open box 25 m by 10 m in plan and 12m deep weighs 300
kg and is launched in fresh water. (a) how deep will it sink? (b) if the
water is 12 m deep, what weight of stone placed in box will cause it to
rest on the bottom.
Sample problem
A concrete cube 10.0 inch on each side is to be held in equilibrium
under water by attaching a lightweight foam buoy to it. (In theory, the
attached foam buoy and concrete cube, when placed under water, will
neither rise nor sink) If the specific weight of concrete and foam are
150 lb/ft3 and 5.0 lb/ft3, respectively, what minimum volume of foam
is required
Sample problem
The homogeneous 12-cm cube in Fig. 2.116 is balanced by a 2-kg mass
on the beam scale when the cube is immersed in 20C water. What is
the specific gravity of the cube?
Dams
Problem 1
Water 24m high stands on the vertical side of a 32m high
trapezoidal dam. The dam has a top width of 27m. Analyze the stability
of the dam considering the following:

a) Uplift pressure Varies Linearly from full hydrostatic force at the heel
to zero at the toe
b) Sw = 1 Sconc = 2.4
c) Coefficient of friction = 0.60
Dams
Notes :
a) Width of the dam is always 1m
b) Uplift force always acts upward
c) Uplift force is caused by penetrating H2O at the bottom
area of the dam
d) Uplift pressure always acts on the bottom area
e) Toe and Heel may vary. Toe is always opposite the Head
water
f) Tail water can be seen if the dam is operational
g) Tail water is less than the head water in height/depth
Design Specification
1. Law of middle third for a sound structural design, the resultant
force must cut the vase width d of the dam within the middle third.
2. The maximum allowable compressive stress (Sc) for concrete is

= 600 = 420 2 = 4120

3. The maximum allowable shearing stress (Ss) for concrete is

= 250 = 1720 = 175 2

Design Specification
4. Ideal factor for safety against overturning (FSot)

= = 1.5 2.0

5. Ideal factor of safety against sliding (FSslid)

= = = 1.0 1.5

6. Design Dam

2 = 1.0 3 = 9810 3


= 2.40 3

The forces Acting on the Dam are:
Hydrostatic Force due to water

Weight of the Dam

Uplift Force
Problem 2
A concrete dam retaining water is shown in Fig. If the specic weight of
the concrete is 23.5 kN/m3, nd the factor of safety against sliding, the
factor of safety against overturning, and the maximum and minimum
pressure intensity on the base. Assume there is no hydrostatic uplift
and that the coefficient of friction between dam and foundation soil is
0.48.