STRENGTH OF CONCRETE

MM103: ENGINEERING MECH.Karteek Naidu (s11131679), Shivneel Prasad (s11108882), Chiranjiv Naidu (s11132987)
MINI PROJECT POSTER School of Engineering and Physics, USP

ABSTRACT CALCULATIONS PROPORTIONS FOR MIXING

This research project aims to research how concrete behaves under loads. Our team CONCRETE
decide to carry out a research on the material after seeing that a civil engineer is unable By equilibrium, the tensil force is equal to the compression resultant.
to design a reinforced concrete beam according to specifications as the engineer is not T = Asfy = C = 0.85fc ab
provided with sufficient information. The objectives of the research project is to find out Where fy is yield strenght and As is the area of steel.
the materials advantages, determine how it fractures and see if it is good under Situation:
compressive loads, tensile loads and shear loads. To begin with, the project introduces A simply supported reinforced concrete beam is supporting uniform dead and live
the subject of the research. Some background research was done on the material by loads
means of online research. The project shows calculations to verify the research .
Design data:
Furthermore, the project shows captions on the test carried to determine the breaking Dead load: 1500 lb/ft
point of concrete. Finally, the research project concludes by restating the outcomes Live load: 800 lb/ft
achieved. Shearing forces are unaligned forces pushing one part of a body in one Length of beam: 20 ft
direction, and another part of the body in the opposite direction Width of beam: 16 in
Depth of beam: 24 in
Minimum concrete cover: 1.5 in
Diameter of stirrup, 0.5 in
Compressive strength of concrete: 4000 psi
BACKGROUND Yield strength of steel: 60000 psi

Requirement: Design flexural reinforcement for bending

Concrete is basically made of small stones and gravel called aggregate, sharp
sand , cement and water..
Franois Coignet, a French industrialist in 1853 was the first to build first iron
reinforced concrete structure
Reinforced concrete is a composite material i.e. it is made out of several parts or
elements. Since concrete has low tensile strength on its own, reinforcing bars such
as mild steel. It has been used for decades in the construction industries as an
economical construction material in bridges, buildings and many other forms of
structures.
Since the aggregate efficiency bears the compression loads, concrete is quite good
in compression however it is relatively weak when exposed to tension. This is
because the cement holding the aggregate starts to crack thereby allowing the
whole structure to fail. Hence reinforcing bars, plastic fiber , glass fiber and other
materials are added to improve its ability to withstand tensile loads.
Concrete never bends but instead shear.
Concrete offers many advantages: low cost, good weather and fire resistance,
good compressive strength and as well as excellent formability.
PROJECT OBJECTIVES
Determine the advantages of the material.
Determine why does the material fractures.
Determine if concrete is best in tension, shear or in compression.
To determine the best concrete ratio for maximum tensile loading.
Solution:
1. Calculate factored moment:
Weight of beam: WB = 150 lb/ft x 1.33 ft x 2 ft = 400 lb/ft
Factored load: Wu = 1.4(400+1500)+1.7(800) = 4020 lb/ft
Factored moment: Mu = (4020)(202)/8 = 201000 ft-lb
Assume the main reinforcement bar is 1" in diameter (#8 bar)
Effective depth: d:24-1.5-0.5-0.5 = 21.5 in
Factor: Rn = (201000)(12)/[(0.9)(16)(21.52)]=362.4 psi,
m = 60000/[(0.85)(4000)]=17.65
Reinforcement ratio: = (1/m)(1-2mRn/fy)1/2)=0.0064
Minimum reinforcement ratio: min = 200/fy=0.0033
CONCLUSION
After the completion of the poster and research, it can be concluded that
concrete has many advantages. Such as cheap, good resistance to fire,
durable and greater compressive strength. However, it also fractures due to
externally applied tensile and shear loading. In such cases, it leads to
failure and collapse of structures. It can be determined that concrete is best
under compressive loading because the aggregate in it shares or carries
the load. Concrete can be used as reinforcement for structures like beam
loading and building foundations,. Finally, it sets over time and gets stronger
and lasts longer.
The above picture shows a test to determine the breaking point of a
certain reinforced concrete

OUTCOMES
Concrete has many advantages such as low cost, weather and fire resistance,
good compressive strength and excellent formability. GRADE OF CONCRETE ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Due to externally applied loads, change in temperature or shrinkage concrete
fractures.
Our group would like to thank everyone who have rendered their help in
Concrete is good under compression and weak under tension.
the successful compilation the research project.
The "interface zone" is the weakest link in the structure. When compressing,
that interface only serves to transfer compressive stresses from one
aggregate to the next. That does not require exceptional strength.
Under tension, the aggregates are trying to pull away from each other so this
interfacial transition zone has to bear tensile stresses to holds the whole REFERENCES
system together. Since its strength significantly weaker than the aggregates, Ryan, R. 2010, COMPOSITE MATERIALS-REINFORCED CONCRETE, retrieved 23 October
2012, http://www.reinforc1.html
so the failure starts at much lower stresses.
WHAT IS CEMENT, SAND, AGGREGATE RATIOS IN CONCRETE MIXING?, retrieved 5
October, 2016, https://www.quora.com/What-is-cement-sand-aggregate-ratios-in-concrete
mixing