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Submitted by :

Priyanka. Manve
4th sem M.Tech[CSE] Under the guidance of :
USN-1JB13SCS10 Dr.Srikantaiah K C
Professor
Dept of CSE
SJBIT,Bangalore
Agenda
Introduction
Experimental Dataset
Literature Survey
Objectives
Data homogeneity test
Methodology
Results
References
Introduction
Rainfall data play the most important role to a variety of hydrological models (stream flow,
rainfall runoff) and environmental models (crop yield estimates, drought risk and severity).
These models fundamentally require the complete and reliable rainfall data records. Therefore
estimating missing rainfall data is an important task in hydrology

Precipitation: Precipitation is any product of the condensation of atmospheric water vapor that
falls under gravity. The main forms of precipitation include drizzle, rain, sleet, snow and hail
storm. The most general form of precipitation is rain.

Rain-gauges are most commonly used for measurement of rain.


Why precipitation data may be missing from the database. Some of them are listed below:
Malfunctioning of precipitation gauge and/or related equipment

Effect of natural hazards (floods, landslides, hurricanes, etc.)

Sabotage (terrorism)

Human related problems (temporary absence of people in charge of reading gauges, mistakes in

handling data, etc.)

Others
EXPERIMENTAL DATASET
For the present study Bangalore urban region is considered as the study area. The data of
monthly rainfall of about 36 years (1975-2011) were selected measured over 5 stations of
which four stations surrounding Bangalore Obsy are considered as index stations. The 5
Rain in
stations which are considered for the study are Year Month Day
mm
1. Bangalore OBSY 1975 5 3 3.5
1975 5 12 4.5
2. Attibele
: : : :
3. Jigani 1976 4 23 17.8
4. Kengeri : : : :
5. Hebbal MRS : : : :
2011 11 26 3.4
The aim of this study is to estimate missing precipitation of Bangalore Obsy and compare
the predicted results with observed data.
Literature Survey
De Silva R.P has compared a few methods used for the estimation of missing
rainfall data in Sri Lankan context.

The methods studied were Arithmetic Mean (Local Mean) method, Normal
Ratio method, Inverse Distance method gauging and Aerial Precipitation Ratio
method.

Monthly rainfall data of each station were estimated using the data of surrounding
stations, so that actual data and the estimated data can be compared.

These comparisons include Descriptive Statistics of Error, Root Mean Square Error,
Mean Absolute Percentage of Error and Correlation Coefficient.
Sadatinejad,S.J proposed fuzzy regression method that has been used to reconstruct
the hydrologic data.

The credited omission method was used in investigation by omitting the observed data
deliberately and their values were estimated using the different methods.

The results showed that the best methods of reconstructing monthly discharge data for the
hydrometric stations in the great Karoon River basin in order of accuracy are artificial
neural network, simple linear regression, multiple linear regression, normal ratio, fuzzy
regression, autoregressive and graphical methods FR method is not a suitable method for
reconstruction of monthly discharge data in the studied river basin.

Statistical index of root mean squared error (RMSE) the best method of reconstruction
was determined.
Objectives
The objectives of this project are:

To predict and compare monthly precipitation values for the year


1991, 2001, 2006 and 2011 using different methods.

To investigate the efficiency of various regression techniques by


comparing their root mean square error. There by suggesting the
suitable technique for the selected location.
June month Double Mass Curve of Jigni

Double Mass Curve


linear
2500

Year/Month
Data homogeneity test.
Jigani Corrected of Jigani
Cumulative
Month = June
Average of all stations Cumulative of all
stations
Double
2000 Mass Curve is used to test the consistency of rainfall
Non linear
1975/June
record A A
at any rain gauge A1 is suspected to contain
station which A1
certain Bdiscrepancies.
1976/June A+B B1 A1+B1
A1500 certain
1977/June C number
A+B+C of stations C1 with reliable A1+B1+C1
data of
June

approximately the same length and in the same climatic regions


:are selected
: as base :stations. : :
:The
1000
:
portion :
of the data which is found: to be inconsistent can
: be
adjustedZ by extending
2011/June A+B+C+..the +Z mass curveZ1line with originals slope
A1+B1+C1+.. +Z1
and reading the adjusted values from this extended line
The 500
data found to be inconsistent can be adjusted by
multiplying it with a correction factor which is nothing but the
ratio of the slope of the adjusted mass curve to the slope of the
unadjusted mass curve
0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500
June avg of all stations
Data pre-processing
1975 1976 2010 2011

Total rainfall Total rainfall Total rainfall Total rainfall


January
in Jan 1975 in Jan 1976 in Jan 2010 in Jan 2011

February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November

Total rainfall Total rainfall Total rainfall Total rainfall


December
in Dec 1975 in Dec 1976 in Dec 2010 in Dec 2011
Methodology
Different methods used to compute missing precipitation of data are :

Normal Ratio Method.

Inverse Distance Method.

Simple Linear Regression Method.

Multiple linear Regression Method.

Fuzzy Regression Method.


Normal Ratio Method
In this method, the rainfall (Pi) of the surrounding index stations is weighed by
the ratio of normal annual rainfalls by using the following equation:
Inverse Distance Method
In this method a set of rectangular co-ordinate axes are passed
through the missing rain gauge station
The co-ordinates of each index station, surrounding the
missing station are found
The weightage of each index station is represented by the
inverse of the square of its distance from the missing station

The missing rainfall data of the station X is then computed


from the following equation.
Simple Linear Regression
Suppose n pairs of data( ),( )..,( ) are available for two variables X and Y. For
given values of X and Y will have a range of values. This can be expressed mathematically as

If two precipitation gages have long records of annual precipitation i.e. y1,y2. yn and
x1,x2,.xn .The precipitation of missing data is based on a simple linear regression model.
The model can be written as :

Correlation Coefficient can be calculated by formula :


The xi column illustrates scores on the aptitude test of students. In the same
way the yi column illustrate students statistics grades. The last two rows are
used as the sums and mean scores to perform regression analysis.
student xi yi (xi-xbar) (yi-ybar) (xi-xbar)2 (yi-ybar)2 (xi-xbar)-(yi-ybar)
1 95 85 17 8 289 64 136
2 85 95 7 18 49 324 126
3 80 70 2 -7 4 49 -14
4 70 65 -8 -12 64 144 96
5 60 70 -18 -7 324 49 126
Sum 390 385 730 630 470
Mean 78 77

The regression equation is a linear equation of the form: = b0 + b1x. The


regression analysis can be performed by solving for b0 and b1. The
Computations conducted for the regression are given below:

b1 = [ (xi - x)(yi - y) ] / [ (xi - x)2] b0 = y - b1* x


b1 = 470/730 = 0.645 b0 = 77 - (0.644)(78) = 25.788

Therefore, the regression equation is: = 25.788 + 0.645x


Multiple Linear Regression
For a multiple linear regression model, the dependent variable is assumed to be a function of
several independent variables. The general form of the equation is written as

This model is a system of n equations that can be expressed in matrix notation as

Where
The least square is given by the formula

Its derivation is as given below:

Y estimate is give as below:


Consider an example X (38x3) Real Y (38x1) Estimated Y (38x1)

1 0 62.7
Matrix Inverse Calculation by
62.5 66.30878476

application of business 1
1
0
0
31.5
20.2
47.8

Row-Reduction Technique
36
38.98854075
29.09370878

intelligence in which sales are 1


1
0
0
15.6
13.3
26.5
19.5
25.06572409
23.05173174
1 0 34.8 30.8 41.87818194
predicted using some factors 1 0 15.9 21.3 25.32841874
1 0 10.1 15.6 20.24965543
1 0 7.4 11.6 17.88540355
X'X (3x3) 1 0 6 8.3 16.65949516

50 25 1646.3 1 0 61.5 62.6 65.25800615


1 0 37 50.3 43.80460941
25 25 898.9 1 0 27.6 40.6 35.57351025
1646.3 898.9 85053.35 1 0 22.1 32.2 30.75744159
1 0 18.5 25.7 27.60510574
1 0 35.7 41.8 42.66626591
1 0 20.5 32.3 29.35640344
INV(X'X) (3x3)
1 0 15.2 26.1 24.71546455
0.06941174 -0.03404 -0.0009838 1 0 12.6 19.5 22.43877755
1 0 11 14.9 21.03773939
-0.0340382 0.081208 -0.00019942
1 0 84.9 83.7 85.74818916
-0.0009838 -0.0002 3.29075E-05 1 0 63.8 71.8 67.27199849
1 0 49.3 61.1 54.57509022
1 0 38.9 52.5 45.46834221

X'Y Beta 1 0 31.3 44.6 38.81341098


1 1 74.6 85.7 81.43057403
2129.4 0 11.4056 1 1 46.8 68.3 57.08753609
1189.8 1 4.701568 1 1 43.6 65.2 54.28545978
1 1 88.4 86.9 93.51452811
97480.15 2 0.875649
1 1 44.8 68.2 55.3362384
1 1 14.5 36.1 28.80407835
1 1 5.4 20 20.83567384

Yestimate = 0 + 1 X1 + 2 X2 1
1
1
1
3.7
54.3
15.5
57.2
19.3470708
63.65490244
1 1 26 52.1 38.87404008
1 1 87.2 88 92.46374949
1 1 48 52.6 58.13831471
1 1 5.6 28.2 21.01080361
Fuzzy Linear Regression
Fuzzy logic is a logic which deals with vague or imprecise information and
its ultimate goal is to provide foundations for approximate reasoning using
imprecise propositions based on fuzzy set theory.
The value of the regression equation can be expressed as:

The general fuzzy linear model can be expressed in the matrix form as:

Where
To obtain regression parameters
Fuzzy Estimators

Let (X'X)-1 = A[aij]. A(1-) 100% Confidence interval of a is given as

t/2 = [0.000 1.000 1.376 1.963 3.078 6.314 12.71 31.82 63.66];
Where, a11 is the first element along the main diagonal of matrix A.

Similarly the (1- ) 100% Confidence intervals of the regression co-efficients are found.

In the t distribution, to find the critical value t/2 , we use n-(k+1) degrees of freedom. Now put
these confidence intervals together, one on top of another, to get the fuzzy estimators X1^, X2^ .
.. of X1, X2,... respectively.

By placing Confidence Intervals one on top of another, the- cuts are obtained and hence the
membership functions of the regression coefficients are obtained.
Root Mean Square Error and
Percentage Error
It is a frequently used measure of the differences between values predicted
by a model or an estimator and the values actually observed. Basically, the
RMSD represents the sample standard deviation of the differences between
predicted values and observed values.

Percentage error allows us to compare an predicted to an observed value.


The percentage error gives us the difference between the predicted and
observed values as a percentage of the observed value . It is given by the
formula:

Where Oi stands for observed values and Pi stands for values predicted by
the missing data methodology.
Normal Ratio Method Estimate of Bangalore Observatory
1980 1991 1996

600 Real Data 600 Real Data 600 Real Data


Predicted(Normal Ratio Method) Predicted(Normal Ratio Method) Predicted(Normal Ratio Method)
500 500 500

Results
Rainfall in mm

Rainfall in mm

Rainfall in mm
400 400 400

300 300 300

Residual
200
Analysis: 200 200

100 100 100


To assess the validity of our models residuals allow us to identify pattern
0 that1 are
0 2 3 either
4 5 poorly6 7 fit00by1 the 2 model3 4 5 or6 have 7 a 00strong
1 2 effect
3 4 upon
5 6 7the
estimated parameters. So,
Monsoon months from May to October (index 1 to 6)
to check constant variance
Monsoon months from May to October (index 1 to 6)
scatter plot of
Monsoon months from May to October (index 1 to 6)

residuals2001are calculated against the2006fitted values by all the methods. 2011


It is
600
performed over several 600years such as 1980, 1991,600 1996, 2001, 2006 and
Real Data Real Data Real Data
2011. Predicted(Normal Ratio Method) Predicted(Normal Ratio Method) Predicted(Normal Ratio Method)
500 500 500
Rainfall in mm

Rainfall in mm

Rainfall in mm
400 400 400

300 300 300

200 200 200

100 100 100

0 0 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Monsoon months from May to October (index 1 to 6) Monsoon months from May to October (index 1 to 6) Monsoon months from May to October (index 1 to 6)
Inverse Distance Method Estimate of Bangalore Observatory
1980 1991 1996

600 Real Data 600 Real Data 600 Real Data


Predicted(Inverse Distance Method) Predicted(Inverse Distance Method) Predicted(Inverse Distance Method)
500 500 500
Rainfall in mm

Rainfall in mm

Rainfall in mm
400 400 400

300 300 300

200 200 200

100 100 100

0 0 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Monsoon months from May to October (index 1 to 6) Monsoon months from May to October (index 1 to 6) Monsoon months from May to October (index 1 to 6)

2001 2006 2011

600 Real Data 600 Real Data 600 Real Data


Predicted(Inverse Distance Method) Predicted(Inverse Distance Method) Predicted(Inverse Distance Method)
500 500 500
Rainfall in mm

Rainfall in mm

Rainfall in mm
400 400 400

300 300 300

200 200 200

100 100 100

0 0 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Monsoon months from May to October (index 1 to 6) Monsoon months from May to October (index 1 to 6) Monsoon months from May to October (index 1 to 6)
Simple Linear Regression Estimate of Bangalore Observatory
1980 1991 1996

600 Real Data 600 Real Data 600 Real Data


Predicted(SLR1) Predicted(SLR1) Predicted(SLR1)
500 500 500
Rainfall in mm

Rainfall in mm

Rainfall in mm
400 400 400

300 300 300

200 200 200

100 100 100

0 0 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Monsoon months from May to October (index 1 to 6) Monsoon months from May to October (index 1 to 6) Monsoon months from May to October (index 1 to 6)

2001 2006 2011

600 Real Data 600 Real Data 600 Real Data


Predicted(SLR1) Predicted(SLR1) Predicted(SLR1)
500 500 500
Rainfall in mm

Rainfall in mm

Rainfall in mm
400 400 400

300 300 300

200 200 200

100 100 100

0 0 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Monsoon months from May to October (index 1 to 6) Monsoon months from May to October (index 1 to 6) Monsoon months from May to October (index 1 to 6)
Multiple Linear Regression Estimate of Bangalore Observatory
1980 1991 1996

600 Real Data 600 Real Data 600 Real Data


Predicted(MLR) Predicted(MLR) Predicted(MLR)
500 500 500
Rainfall in mm

Rainfall in mm

Rainfall in mm
400 400 400

300 300 300

200 200 200

100 100 100

0 0 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Monsoon months from May to October (index 1 to 6) Monsoon months from May to October (index 1 to 6) Monsoon months from May to October (index 1 to 6)

2001 2006 2011

600 Real Data 600 Real Data 600 Real Data


Predicted(MLR) Predicted(MLR) Predicted(MLR)
500 500 500
Rainfall in mm

Rainfall in mm

Rainfall in mm
400 400 400

300 300 300

200 200 200

100 100 100

0 0 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Monsoon months from May to October (index 1 to 6) Monsoon months from May to October (index 1 to 6) Monsoon months from May to October (index 1 to 6)
Fuzzy Linear Regression Estimate of Bangalore Observatory
1980 1991 1996

600 Real Data 600 Real Data 600 Real Data


Predicted(MLR) Predicted(MLR) Predicted(MLR)
500 500 500
Rainfall in mm

Rainfall in mm

Rainfall in mm
400 400 400

300 300 300

200 200 200

100 100 100

0 0 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Monsoon months from May to October (index 1 to 6) Monsoon months from May to October (index 1 to 6) Monsoon months from May to October (index 1 to 6)

2001 2006 2011

600 Real Data 600 Real Data 600 Real Data


Predicted(MLR) Predicted(MLR) Predicted(MLR)
500 500 500
Rainfall in mm

Rainfall in mm

Rainfall in mm
400 400 400

300 300 300

200 200 200

100 100 100

0 0 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Monsoon months from May to October (index 1 to 6) Monsoon months from May to October (index 1 to 6) Monsoon months from May to October (index 1 to 6)
Root Mean Square Errors
Year 1980 Year 1991 Year 1996
80 80 80

60 60 60

Root mean square error


RMSE

RMSE

RMSE
40 40 40

20 20 20

0 0 0
NRM IDM SLR MLR FLR NRM IDM SLR MLR FLR NRM IDM SLR MLR FLR

Year 2001 Year 2006 Year 2011


80 80 80

60 60 60
RMSE

RMSE

RMSE
40 40 40

20 20 20

0 0 0
NRM IDM SLR MLR FLR NRM IDM SLR MLR FLR NRM IDM SLR MLR FLR
Simple Linear Regression with yearly average (Bangalore OBSY)
1980 1991 1996

Prediction of rainfall of all stations


600

500
Real Data
Predicted(SLR2)
600

500
Real Data
Predicted(SLR2)
600

500
Real Data
Predicted(SLR2)

using Simple Linear Regression.


Rainfall in mm

Rainfall in mm

Rainfall in mm
400 400 400

300 300 300

For
200
completeness rainfall
200
prediction is200preformed on
all100 stations by simple 100
linear regression100in which
0 0 0
average0 1 2 yearly
3 4 5 6rainfall
7 0 is1 used
2 3 4 as 5 independent
6 7
Monsoon months from May to October (index 1 to 6)
0 1 2 3 variable
4 5 6 7
Monsoon months from May to October (index 1 to 6) Monsoon months from May to October (index 1 to 6)

to fit the curve. Slope and Y-intercept are used to


2001 2006 2011
predict
600
rainfall. Real Data 600 Real Data 600 Real Data
Predicted(SLR2) Predicted(SLR2) Predicted(SLR2)
500 500 500
Rainfall in mm

Rainfall in mm

Rainfall in mm
400 400 400

300 300 300

200 200 200

100 100 100

0 0 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Monsoon months from May to October (index 1 to 6) Monsoon months from May to October (index 1 to 6) Monsoon months from May to October (index 1 to 6)
Simple Linear Regression with yearly average (Kengeri)
1980 1991 1996

600 Real Data 600 Real Data 600 Real Data


Predicted(SLR2) Predicted(SLR2) Predicted(SLR2)
500 500 500
Rainfall in mm

Rainfall in mm

Rainfall in mm
400 400 400

300 300 300

200 200 200

100 100 100

0 0 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Monsoon months from May to October (index 1 to 6) Monsoon months from May to October (index 1 to 6) Monsoon months from May to October (index 1 to 6)

2001 2006 2011

600 Real Data 600 Real Data 600 Real Data


Predicted(SLR2) Predicted(SLR2) Predicted(SLR2)
500 500 500
Rainfall in mm

Rainfall in mm

Rainfall in mm
400 400 400

300 300 300

200 200 200

100 100 100

0 0 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Monsoon months from May to October (index 1 to 6) Monsoon months from May to October (index 1 to 6) Monsoon months from May to October (index 1 to 6)
Simple Linear Regression with yearly average (Attibele)
1980 1991 1996

600 Real Data 600 Real Data 600 Real Data


Predicted(SLR2) Predicted(SLR2) Predicted(SLR2)
500 500 500
Rainfall in mm

Rainfall in mm

Rainfall in mm
400 400 400

300 300 300

200 200 200

100 100 100

0 0 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Monsoon months from May to October (index 1 to 6) Monsoon months from May to October (index 1 to 6) Monsoon months from May to October (index 1 to 6)

2001 2006 2011

600 Real Data 600 Real Data 600 Real Data


Predicted(SLR2) Predicted(SLR2) Predicted(SLR2)
500 500 500
Rainfall in mm

Rainfall in mm

Rainfall in mm
400 400 400

300 300 300

200 200 200

100 100 100

0 0 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Monsoon months from May to October (index 1 to 6) Monsoon months from May to October (index 1 to 6) Monsoon months from May to October (index 1 to 6)
Simple Linear Regression with yearly average (Hebbal)
1980 1991 1996

600 Real Data 600 Real Data 600 Real Data


Predicted(SLR2) Predicted(SLR2) Predicted(SLR2)
500 500 500
Rainfall in mm

Rainfall in mm

Rainfall in mm
400 400 400

300 300 300

200 200 200

100 100 100

0 0 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Monsoon months from May to October (index 1 to 6) Monsoon months from May to October (index 1 to 6) Monsoon months from May to October (index 1 to 6)

2001 2006 2011

600 Real Data 600 Real Data 600 Real Data


Predicted(SLR2) Predicted(SLR2) Predicted(SLR2)
500 500 500
Rainfall in mm

Rainfall in mm

Rainfall in mm
400 400 400

300 300 300

200 200 200

100 100 100

0 0 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Monsoon months from May to October (index 1 to 6) Monsoon months from May to October (index 1 to 6) Monsoon months from May to October (index 1 to 6)
Simple Linear Regression with yearly average (Jigani)
1980 1991 1996

600 Real Data 600 Real Data 600 Real Data


Predicted(SLR2) Predicted(SLR2) Predicted(SLR2)
500 500 500
Rainfall in mm

Rainfall in mm

Rainfall in mm
400 400 400

300 300 300

200 200 200

100 100 100

0 0 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Monsoon months from May to October (index 1 to 6) Monsoon months from May to October (index 1 to 6) Monsoon months from May to October (index 1 to 6)

2001 2006 2011

600 Real Data 600 Real Data 600 Real Data


Predicted(SLR2) Predicted(SLR2) Predicted(SLR2)
500 500 500
Rainfall in mm

Rainfall in mm

Rainfall in mm
400 400 400

300 300 300

200 200 200

100 100 100

0 0 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Monsoon months from May to October (index 1 to 6) Monsoon months from May to October (index 1 to 6) Monsoon months from May to October (index 1 to 6)
Rainfall prediction of monsoon months of year 2011
1991 using 36
2001
2006 16 years data from 1975 to 2010
26
31 1990
2001
2005

Real Data
600 Normal Ratio Method
Inverse Distance Method

Rainfall prediction
Simple Linear Regression
Multiple Linear Regression

500

Rainfall prediction is performed using all methods


under
400 study.
Rainfall in mm

300

200

100

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Monsoon months from May to October (index 1 to 6)
Conclusion
In this study the efficiency of various regression techniques are compared by their
root mean square error. There by suggesting the suitable technique for the selected
location. The Missing Monthly Precipitation data for the years 1991, 2001, 2006 and
2011 at Bangalore (Obsy) was predicted using the monthly precipitation data five
index stations in the homogenous meteorological area using different methods.

From the results of the study carried out the following conclusions are drawn:
Monsoon months precipitation values are predicted for the year 1991, 2001,
2006 and 2011 using different methods and it was observed that the highest
rainfall has occurred in the month of October and lowest rainfall in the month of
July.

The result observed in residual analysis tells that MLR and FLR methods are
more suitable to the study area when compared to other methods. Though in
prediction of missing data (deliberately missed) tells that NRM is better than
MLR and FLR. But reliability of NRM will be too less if any of the independent
variables is incorrect or erroneous. MLR and FLR models will be highly reliable
because the model is developed considering historical information.
References
1. R. P. De Silva1, N.D.K. Dayawansa1 and M. D. Ratnasiri , A Comparison Of Methods Used In Estimating Missing Rainfall Data,The
Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 2007, vol.3, no.2 ,2007

2. Abebe, A, J.Solomantine, and Vennekar.R, Application Of Adaptive Fuzzy leased Models For Reconstruction Of Missing Precipitation
Events Hydrological Sciences Journal, 45:3, 425-436, 2000.

3. Bhavani, R., Comparison of mean and weighted annual rainfall In Anantapuram District, International Journal of Innovative Research
in Science, Engineering and Technology Vol. 2, Issue 7, 2013

4. Gianmarco, Tardivo and Antonio, Berti., Comparison of Four Methods To Fill The Gaps In Daily Precipitation Data Collected By A
Dense Weather network, Science Journal of Environmental Engineering Research, ISSn: 2276-7695,2013.

5. Jesada, Kajornrit, Kok Wai Wong, and Chun Che Fung A Comparitive Analysis of Soft Computing Techniques Used to Estimate Missing
Precipitation Records, School of Information Technology, Murdoch Unversity ,South Street, Murdoch, western Austrialia, 6150,2012

6. Jose, D, and Salas, A Comparison Of Methods Used In Estimating Missing Rainfall Data, The Journal of Agriculture Sciences, vol 3, no
1,2006

7. Sadatinejad, S, J, Shayannejad, M and Honarbakhsh, A, Investigation of the Efficiency of the Fuzzy Regression Method in
Reconstructing Monthly Discharge Data of Hydrometric Stations in Great Karoon River Basin, The Journal of Agriculture
Sciences, Vol. 11: 111-119,2009

8. Nourani, V, Baghanam, A, H and Gebremicheal. M Investigating the Ability of Artificial Neural Network(ANN) Models to Estimate
Missing Rain-gauge Data, Journal of Environmental Informatics, 19(1) 38-50,2012.

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