Transient Surges Analysis in

Medium -Low Voltage

Networks
Director
I.E. MS.c PhD. Francisco Jos Romn Campos

Codirector
I.E. MS.c PhD. Francisco Santamaria Piedrahta

Luis Eduardo Perdomo Orjuela

TOPICS
1.Introduction
2.Definition
3.General characteristics
4.IEEE model surge arrester
5.Calculating surge arrester 34.5 13.2
[kV]
6.Simulations EMTP - ATP
7.Future work
INTRODUCTION
This Study

Surge arrester model IEEE

Surge arrester selection to
34.5 kV - 13.2 kV
Analysis overvoltage
through surge arrester
Introduction Definition Characteristics Model Simulation Future
DEFINITIONS
Continuous operating voltage Uc

Is the maximum permitted effective value that can be

applied permanently in a voltage surge arrester.

Rated voltage Ur

Is the maximum rms voltage allowable between the

terminals for correct operation in temporary
overvoltage conditions.

Introduction Definition Characteristics Model Simulation Future

DEFINITIONS
Temporary overvoltage Capability TOVc

The ability of the arrester to withstand temporary surge

TOVc is the effective value of the maximum
temporary power frequency that can withstand
across its terminals for a given time voltage.

Introduction Definition Characteristics Model Simulation Future

DEFINITIONS
The curves can be modelled by a power equation:

The curves can be divided into two areas:

t = 0,01 to 100 seconds

t > 100 to t = 10000 seconds

Introduction Definition Characteristics Model Simulation Future

DEFINITIONS

Figure 1. Typical arrester TOV capability curve for station

arrester.

Introduction Definition Characteristics Model Simulation Future

DEFINITIONS
Temporary overvoltage or TOVs are primarily produced by:

Faults
Load rejections
Energization of unloaded lines
Resonance

TOV on unfaulted phases caused by faults to ground can be

estimated by using either the COF or the EFF.

Introduction Definition Characteristics Model Simulation Future

DEFINITIONS CATEGORY EFF, PER UNIT COG, % DURATION
Grounded
Networks with high short circuit 1.2 to 1.4 58 to 80 1 sec
Long radial lines, low short circuit
Partial or low impedance 1.3 to 1.5 58 to 87 1 sec

Resonant Grounded 1.4 to 1.7 80 to 100 1 sec

Network or mesh
Long radial lines 1.73 100 8 h to 2 days
1.73 to 1.8 100 to 104 8 h to 2 days
Isolated 1.73 to 2 100 to 115 Remote from fault
Distribution with overhead lines &
industrial with cables
1.73 to 1.8 100 to 104 2 sec to 8 h
Load Rejection
In a system
Arc furnace
Generator 1.05 60 >10 s
1.15 66 >10 s
Charging, unloaded line: 1.1 1.4 64 80 1s
Energization or after load
rejection, 200 km
High short circuit
Low short circuit

Resonance 1 1.1 58 64 >10 s

Saturation phenomena 1 1.2 58 69 >10 s
Coupled circuits

23 115 170 0.5 10 s

3-5 170 - 290 0.5 10 s

Introduction Definition Characteristics Model Simulation Future

DEFINITIONS
The definition used are:

COG: Coefficient of grounding, which is the radio of line to

ground rms voltage on the unfaulted phase to the nominal
system line to line rms voltage.

EFF: earth fault factor, which is the radio of the line to ground
rms voltage on the unfaulted phase to the nominal system line
to ground rms voltage.

Introduction Definition Characteristics Model Simulation Future

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS
The voltage current characteristics of the metal oxide arrester
can be divided into three regions:

MCOV region: I is less than 1 mA and is primarily capacitive,

thus an Ic.

TOV and switching surge region: I is from 1 mA to about 1000 or

2000 A and is primarily a resistive current thus an Ir.

Lightning region: 1 to 100 kA. for very large currents, the

characteristic approaches a linear relationship with voltage.

Introduction Definition Characteristics Model Simulation Future

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS

Introduction Definition Characteristics Model Simulation Future

IEEE MODEL SURGE ARRESTER
Working group 3.4.11 on surge arrester modelling has indicated that metal
oxide arresters have dynamic characteristics that are significant for studies
involving lightning and other fast front surges. The model is present in the
next figure.

Introduction Definition Characteristics Model Simulation Future

IEEE MODEL SURGE ARRESTER

1 = 15 []; 1 = 65 []

0 = 0.2 ; 0 = 100 []

= 100

Where d is the height of arrester in meters and n is the number of parallel columns
of MO disk in the arrester.

Introduction Definition Characteristics Model Simulation Future

IEEE MODEL SURGE ARRESTER
Voltage per Unit of Voltage per Unit of
Current [kA] 10 [kA], 8/20 s for 10 [kA], 8/20 s for
A0 A1
0,01 0,875
0,1 0,963 0,769
1 1,05 0,85
2 1,088 0,894
4 1,125 0,925
6 1,138 0,938
8 1,169 0,956
10 1,188 0,969
12 1,206 0,975
14 1,231 0,988
16 1,25 0,994
18 1,281 1
20 1,313 1,006

Introduction Definition Characteristics Model Simulation Future

PHASE TO PHASE TRANSFORMER PROTECTION

Phase to phase overvoltages exceeding transformer

insulation withstand can result from the following
causes:

Switching surge
Lightning surge
Surge transfer through transformer windings

Introduction Definition Characteristics Model Simulation Future

PHASE TO PHASE TRANSFORMER PROTECTION

Introduction Definition Characteristics Model Simulation Future

CALCULATING SURGE ARRESTERS 34.5 [kV] L - G
Nominal voltage VLL = 34.5 kV
Maximun voltage Um =36 kV (IEC 60071 -1)

1. MCOV - COV
[]
= = . []

. []
= = . []
.

2. TOVc
= . []

3. TOV10
.
= . = . []

Introduction Definition Characteristics Model Simulation Future

CALCULATING SURGE ARRESTERS 34.5 [kV] L - G

1. The specified time fault clearing for a second

= = . []

(. )
=
.

. . [] .
= = = .
. []

Introduction Definition Characteristics Model Simulation Future

CALCULATING SURGE ARRESTERS 34.5 [kV] L - G

1. R0 = 100*d/n = 46
2. L0 = 0.2*d/n = 0.092 H
3. R1 = 65*d/n = 29.9
4. L1 = 15*d/n = 6.9 H
5. C = 100*n/d = 217.39 pF

d = 460 mm
n=1

Introduction Definition Characteristics Model Simulation Future

CALCULATING SURGE ARRESTERS 34.5 [kV]

Introduction Definition Characteristics Model Simulation Future

CALCULATING SURGE ARRESTERS POLIM H..N
ABB

Uc
Max.
Continuous
operating Ur
voltage Rated voltage Max. Residual voltage with current wave
8/20 [s]
Uc [kV rms] Ur [kV rms] 5 kA [kV peak] 10 kA [kV peak] 20 kA [kV peak] 40 kA [kV peak]
27 33.8 75.1 78.1 85.4 95.6
43 53.8 119.5 124.7 136 152.2

Introduction Definition Characteristics Model Simulation Future

CALCULATING SURGE ARRESTERS 34.5 [kV] L - G

Introduction Definition Characteristics Model Simulation Future

CALCULATING SURGE ARRESTERS 34.5 [kV] L - G
1E5
9E4 7E4
Nonlin Nonlin
8E4 6E4
7E4
5E4
6E4
5E4 4E4

4E4 3E4
3E4
2E4
2E4
1E4
1E4
U [V]

U [V]
-1E4
-1E4
-2E4
-2E4
-3E4
-4E4 -3E4

-5E4 -4E4
-6E4
-5E4
-7E4
-8E4 -6E4

-9E4 -7E4
-1E5
-2E4 -1.5E4 -1E4 -5E3 5E3 1E4 1.5E4 2E4 -2E4 -1.5E4 -1E4 -5E3 5E3 1E4 1.5E4 2E4
I [A] I [A]

Introduction Definition Characteristics Model Simulation Future

CALCULATING SURGE ARRESTERS 34.5 [kV] L - G
80

*10 3

65

50

35

20

-10
0 10 20 30 40 [us] 50
(f ile VaristorIEEE.pl4; x-v ar t) v :A c:XX0007-A

Introduction Definition Characteristics Model Simulation Future

CALCULATING SURGE ARRESTERS 115 [kV] L - G
90

*10 3

70

50

30

10

-10
0 10 20 30 40 [us] 50
(f ile VaristorIEEE.pl4; x-v ar t) v :A c:XX0007-A

Introduction Definition Characteristics Model Simulation Future

CALCULATING SURGE ARRESTERS 34.5 [kV] L - L
1.2E5
1.6E5
1.1E5
1.4E5 1E5 Nonlin
Nonlin
9E4
1.2E5
8E4
1E5 7E4
6E4
8E4
5E4
6E4 4E4
3E4
4E4
2E4
2E4 1E4

U [V]
U [V]

-1E4
-2E4 -2E4
-3E4
-4E4 -4E4

-6E4 -5E4
-6E4
-8E4 -7E4
-8E4
-1E5
-9E4
-1.2E5 -1E5
-1.1E5
-1.4E5
-1.2E5
-1.6E5
-2E4 -1.5E4 -1E4 -5E3 5E3 1E4 1.5E4 2E4
-2E4 -1.5E4 -1E4 -5E3 5E3 1E4 1.5E4 2E4 I [A]
I [A]

Introduction Definition Characteristics Model Simulation Future

CALCULATING SURGE ARRESTERS 34.5 [kV] L - L
150

*10 3

120

90

60

30

0
0 10 20 30 40 [us] 50
(f ile VaristorIEEE.pl4; x-v ar t) v :B c:XX0027-B

Introduction Definition Characteristics Model Simulation Future

CALCULATING SURGE ARRESTERS 34.5 [kV] L - L
150
*10 3
130

110

90

70

50

30

10

-10
0 10 20 30 40 [us] 50
(f ile VaristorIEEE.pl4; x-v ar t) v :B c:XX0027-B

Introduction Definition Characteristics Model Simulation Future

CALCULATING SURGE ARRESTERS 13.2 [kV] L - G

4E4 3E4
3.5E4 Nonlin Nonlin
2.5E4
3E4
2E4
2.5E4

2E4 1.5E4

1.5E4
1E4
1E4
5E3
5E3
U [V]

U [V]
-5E3
-5E3
-1E4
-1E4
-1.5E4

-2E4 -1.5E4

-2.5E4
-2E4
-3E4
-2.5E4
-3.5E4

-4E4 -3E4

-2E4 -1.5E4 -1E4 -5E3 5E3 1E4 1.5E4 2E4 -2E4 -1.5E4 -1E4 -5E3 5E3 1E4 1.5E4 2E4
I [A] I [A]

Introduction Definition Characteristics Model Simulation Future

CALCULATING SURGE ARRESTERS 13.2 [kV] L - G
40

*10 3

31

22

13

-5
0 10 20 30 40 [us] 50
(f ile VaristorIEEE.pl4; x-v ar t) v :C c:XX0041-C

Introduction Definition Characteristics Model Simulation Future

CALCULATING SURGE ARRESTERS 13.2 [kV] L - G
32,0

*10 3

25,2

18,4

11,6

4,8

-2,0
0 10 20 30 40 [us] 50
(f ile VaristorIEEE.pl4; x-v ar t) v :C c:XX0041-C

Introduction Definition Characteristics Model Simulation Future

CALCULATING SURGE ARRESTERS 13.2 [kV] N - G
3E4
2.2E4
2E4
2.5E4 Nonlin Nonlin
1.8E4
1.6E4
2E4
1.4E4

1.5E4 1.2E4
1E4
1E4 8E3
6E3
5E3 4E3
2E3
U [V]

U [V]
-2E3
-5E3 -4E3
-6E3
-1E4 -8E3
-1E4
-1.5E4 -1.2E4
-1.4E4
-2E4
-1.6E4
-1.8E4
-2.5E4
-2E4
-2.2E4
-3E4
-2E4 -1.5E4 -1E4 -5E3 5E3 1E4 1.5E4 2E4 -2E4 -1.5E4 -1E4 -5E3 5E3 1E4 1.5E4 2E4
I [A] I [A]

Introduction Definition Characteristics Model Simulation Future

CALCULATING SURGE ARRESTERS 13.2 [kV] N - G
28

*10 3

23

18

13

-2
0 10 20 30 40 [us] 50
(f ile VaristorIEEE.pl4; x-v ar t) v :D c:XX0033-D

Introduction Definition Characteristics Model Simulation Future

CALCULATING SURGE ARRESTERS 13.2 [kV] N - G
24,0

*10 3

18,8

13,6

8,4

3,2

-2,0
0 10 20 30 40 [us] 50
(f ile VaristorIEEE.pl4; x-v ar t) v :D c:XX0033-D

Introduction Definition Characteristics Model Simulation Future

FUTURE WORK
1. Include in the first half the answer distribution
transformer along with surge arresters in the
presence of a traveling wave.
2. Implement model induced currents in the lines
developed by the EMC group of the
Universidad Nacional de Colombia

Introduction Definition Characteristics Model Simulation Future