UNDERSTANDING CANCER pertumbuhan sel-sel

abnormal dalam tubuh badan dan di luar

kawalan (grow abnormal dan uncontrolled).

Afflict (boleh menyerang),

1. umur-semua peringkat.
2. gender-lelaki atau wanita.
3. etnik-semua.
4. taraf sosioekonomi-semua
peringkat.
Abnormal dalam tubuh badan dan di luar
Kawalan (grow abnormal dan uncontrolled).
UNDERSTANDING CANCER
o Ketumbuhan (mass),
Benign - bukan sel kanser, tidak merebak.
Malignant sel kanser, merebak.
Etiology (penyebab) Kanser
Perut (gaster)
 Etiology (penyebab) Kanser perut (gaster).

o H. Pylori (Helicobacter Pylori)

o H. Pylori bakteria-hakisan gaster-ulser (luka) di gaster/perut.

Etiology (penyebab) Kanser perut (gaster).
 Etiology (penyebab) Kanser perut (gaster)

Smoke fish/meat (makanan yang di bakar/panggang).

o Api/asap - pendedahan kepada karsinogen penyebab kanser
dikenali sebagai PAHs dan HCAs. Ini boleh merosakkan
DNA -kanser gaster/perut, kulit dan hepar.
Kanser payudara/buah dada (mammary gland/breast
cancer).
 Kanser payudara/buah dada (breast cancer).

Tanda simtom - breast edema appears with skin dimpling, a

swollen pitted skin surface resembling an orange peel.
Mammography.
X-ray memberikan imej
terperinci struktur
dalaman payudara.
Cervical
Cancer
Cervical Cancer
What are the risk factors for cervix cancer ?.
o A risk factor is anything that increases a persons chance
of developing cancer.
o There are risk factors that can be controlled, such as
smoking, and
o Risk factors that cannot be controlled, such as age and
family history.
 A womans risk of developing cervical cancer,

1. Human Papillomavirus (HPV) infection

The most important risk factor for cervical cancer is infection with HPV.
HPV is passed from one person to another during sexual intercourse.
Factors that raise the risk of being infected with HPV include becoming
sexually active at an early age, having many sexual partners (or having
sex with a man who has had many partners), and/or having sex with a
man who has penile warts.

2. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection

Infection with HIV, the virus that causes acquired immune deficiency
syndrome (AIDS), is a risk factor for cervical cancer.

3. Herpes
Women who have genital herpes are at greater risk of developing
cervical cancer.Daughters of women who used the drug
diethylstilboestrol (DES) during pregnancy to prevent a miscarriage.

4. Smoking
Which increases the risk of cervical cancer fourfold
 Symptoms of cervixs cancer.

o Any of the following could be signs or

symptoms of cervical dysplasia or cancer:
1. Blood spots or light bleeding between or
following periods (menses).
2. Menstrual bleeding that is longer and heavier
than usual.
3. Bleeding after menopause.
4. In Bleeding after intercourse, douching, or a
pelvic examination.
5. Pain during sexual intercourse.
6. creased vaginal discharge.
 How you diagnose cervix cancer?

Pap test.
o The Pap test is used to detect abnormal cell
changes in the cervix before cancer develops.
o It is recommended that women have a Pap test
once every two years.
Kelenjar Prostate
Prostate Cancer

Metastatic Prostate Cancer

Prostate Cancer
o Dirangsang oleh hormon lelaki,testosteron dan lain-lain.
o Prostate cancer - penuaan yang penurunan testosteron-risiko
pembesaran kelenjar prostate, androgenic alopecia (rambut
gugur).
o Umur- 65 tahun.
o Mineral Deficiency-zinc in large amounts-deficiency of zinc
enlargement of the prostate gland-uncontrolled diet, aging and
excessive alcohol intake.
Prostate Cancer tanda dan simtom.

Hesitancy-
tekanan dan
kesukaran dalam
memulakan dan
mengekalkan
aliran air
kencing.
Prostate cancer, Ujian darah : Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) blood
test.

Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is a substance made by cells in the

prostate gland (both normal cells and cancer cells). PSA is mostly
found in semen, but a small amount is also found in the blood. Most
healthy men have levels under 4 nanograms per milliliter (ng/mL) of
blood. The chance of having prostate cancer goes up as the PSA level
goes up.

When prostate cancer develops, the PSA level usually goes above 4.
Still, a level below 4 does not guarantee that a man doesnt have
cancer about 15% of men with a PSA below 4 will have prostate
cancer on a biopsy. Men with a PSA level between 4 and 10 have
about a 1 in 4 chance of having prostate cancer. If the PSA is more
than 10, the chance of having prostate cancer is over 50%.