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FLUID STATICS
Hydraulic Lift
Figure 3.2 (p. 32)
Pressure in a vacuum is p = 0.
Absolute pressure is referenced to perfect vacuum.
Gage pressure is referenced to another pressure,
typically atmospheric pressure (most gages measure
relative pressures).
Pressure Measurements
p at Change Change p in
open in p from in p from pipe
end 1 to 2 3 to 4
Differential Manometer
Line 0-0 is horizontal; the white area has been rotated about
axis A-B from its proper location. In other words, the apparent
depth of the white area within the fluid is not as it appears.
Hydrostatic Forces on Curved Surfaces
FB (h2 h1 ) A (h2 h1 ) A V ]
FB V
FB y F2 y1 F1 y1 wy2
Wship = rwaterVdisplaced
Archimedes Principle
Forces act everywhere on ship -> too tough
to analyze
Center of Gravity (G): all gravity forces as
one force acting downward through ships
geometric center
Center of Buoyancy (B): all buoyancy
forces as one force acting upward through
underwater geometric center
Archimedes
Center Principle
of Gravity (G):
Changes position only by change/shift in mass
of ship
Does not change position with movement of
ship
Center of Buoyancy (B):
Changes positionG with movement of ship ->
underwater geometric center moves
Also affected by displacement
Hydrostatics Terminology
Displacement: total weight of ship = total
submerged volume of ship (measured in tons)
Draft: vertical distance from waterline to keel at
deepest point (measured in feet)
Reserve Buoyancy: volume of watertight portion of
ship above waterline (important factor in ships
ability to survive flooding)
Freeboard: vertical distance from waterline to main
deck (rough indication of reserve buoyancy)
Hydrostatics Terminology
STABLE UNSTABLE
Metacenter v. Stability Curves
At this point, we could use lots of
trigonometry to determine exact values of
forces, etc for all angles -> too much work
GM used as a measure of stability up to
7, after that values of GZ are plotted at
successive angles to create the stability
curve
Stability Curve
Stability Curve
Plot GZ (righting arm) vs. angle of heel
Ships G does not change as angle changes
Ships B always at center of underwater portion of hull
Ships underwater portion of hull changes as heel angle
changes
GZ changes as angle changes
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