STATIC

ELECTRICITY

THE STUDY OF
CHARGES AT REST
 ACTIVITY

MODEL OF AN ATOM

CHARGE A BALLOON
 STATIC ELECTRICITY
When you rub a balloon on your hair you
scrape electrons off the atoms of your hair
onto the balloon.
The atoms of the balloon apparently have
more grab on electrons.
 Laws of Attraction

Opposite Charges Attract

+ -

Like Charges Repel

+ +
 ACTIVITY

STYROFOAM
ELECTROSCOPE
 A COULOMB
THE FUNDAMENTAL UNIT
OF CHARGE
IT IS EQUAL TO THE
CHARGE OF 6.25 BILLION
BILLION ELECTRONS
 COULOMBS LAW
ELECTRICAL FORCE
DEPENDS ON THE SIZE
OF THE CHARGES AND
THE DISTANCE
BETWEEN THE CHARGES
 Coulombs Law
The force between charges varies
inversely with the square of their
separation distances.

+ +

+ +
COULOMBS LAW

F = k X Q1 X Q2 / D2
 ACTIVITY

POLARIZING A STICK
 Polarization
Polarized objects have an uneven
distribution of charge.
A polarized object has no net charge.

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Meter Stick
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
 Weak Force

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

Strong Force

- -
- -
- -
 CURRENT
ELECTRICITY
THE STUDY OF
CHARGES IN
MOTION
ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT

A COMPLETE PATH
FOR ELECTRON
FLOW
 ACTIVITY
ELECTICAL ALTERNATIVES

XMAS TREE BULB

MAKE A WIRE
 CIRCUIT WIRE
CONDUCTOR

INSULATOR
ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT
CONSISTS OF
SOURCES OF ELECTRICAL ENERGY

A COMPLETE CONDUCTING PATH

DEVICES THAT CONVERT

ELECTRICAL ENERGY TO OTHER
FORMS
 ACTIVITY

ADDING BATTERIES

MAKE A SWITCH
What is a conductor?
a material that allows free electron
movement
Examples:
Aluminum
Gold
Copper
All Metals
 ACTIVITY

GOOD CONDUCTORS
POOR CONDUCTORS
What is an insulator?
a material that does not allow electrons
to flow freely
Examples:
Plastics
Ceramics
Amber
 ACTIVITY

CONDUCTIVITY
TESTER
 LIGHT BULB

FILAMENT

CONDUCTOR
 ACTIVITY

CREATING LIGHT
 BATTERIES

- TERMINAL 1.5 VOLTS + TERMINAL

STANDARD D CELL
 VOLTAGE
COMMON TERM FOR
POTENTIAL

THE AMOUNT OF ENERGY PER

ELECTRON PRODUCED BY AN
ENERGY SOURCE (BATTERY)
 ELECTRICAL
CURRENT
THE RATE OF FLOW OF
CHARGE
ELECTRICAL CURRENT

THE BRIGHTNESS OF A LIGHT BULB IS

A GOOD INDICATOR OF THE RELATIVE
AMOUNT OF CURRENT FLOWING
THROUGH IT.
ELECTRICAL CURRENT

ELECTRONS FLOW OUT OF THE

NEGATIVE TERMINAL OF A BATTERY.
AFTER ELECTRONS TRAVEL
THROUGH THE CIRCUIT, THEY FLOW
INTO THE POSITIVE TERMINAL OF THE
BATTERY.
 ELECTRICAL
RESISTANCE

RESISTANCE TO ELECTRON
FLOW
 ACTIVITY

PENCIL LEAD DIMMER

SWITCH

LIGHT DIMMER
 ELECTRICAL SHORT

A LOW RESISTANCE PATH ACROSS THE

TERMINALS OF AN ELECTRICAL
CIRCUIT ELEMENT.

IF IT OCCURS ACROSS A BATTERY,

GENERATOR OR ANY ENERGY
SOURCE, IT CAN CAUSE TOO HIGH OF
A CURRENT.
 ELECTRICAL SHORT
SOMETIMES A RESISTOR CAN HAVE A
SHORT ACROSS ITS LEADS. IF THIS
OCCURS AND ANOTHER RESISTOR IS
IN THE CIRCUIT, THE OTHER
RESISTOR MAY POSSESS ENOUGH
RESISTANCE TO KEEP THE CURRENT
FROM BECOMING TOO LARGE. WHEN
THIS OCCURS, NO CURRENT WILL
PASS THROUGH THE SHORTED
RESISTOR.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
A CONCISE REPRESENTATION
OF AN ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT
UTILIZING STANDARD
ELECTRICAL SYMBOLS.
IT SHOULD BE ACCURATE,
SIMPLE AND NEAT.
 ACTIVITY

ELECTROSQUARES

DRAWING CIRCUITS
 ELECTRON CURRENT
A MEASURE OF THE RATE OF FLOW
OF ELECTRON CHARGE THROUGH A
CIRCUIT.
THE DIRECTION OF FLOW IS FROM
THE NEGATIVE SIDE OF THE ENERGY
SOURCE THROUGH THE CIRCUIT TO
THE POSITIVE SIDE OF THE ENERGY
SOURCE.
 OHMS LAW
THE CURRENT THROUGH A RESISTOR
IS PROPORTIONAL TO THE APPLIED
VOLTAGE AND INVERSELY
PROPORTIONAL TO ITS RESISTANCE.

I=V/R
I = CURRENT
V = VOLTAGE
R = RESISTANCE
 ELECTRICAL CURRENT
A MEASURE OF THE NUMBER OF
COULOMBS PER SECOND THAT
PASSES A POINT IN A CIRCUIT.

THE UNIT OF CURRENT IS THE

AMPERE = COULOMB PER SECOND

 VOLTAGE (POTENTIAL)
THE ENERGY PER CHARGE LOST OR
GAINED BY CHARGES AS THEY PASS
THROUGH A DEVICE.

THE UNIT IS THE

VOLT = JOULE PER COULOMB

 RESISTANCE
A MEASURE OF THE RESISTANCE
TO ELECTRON FLOW.

THE UNIT IS THE

OHM = VOLT PER AMPERE

SYMBOL FOR OHM IS W
 RESISTANCE
RESISTANCE CAN BE RELATED TO
THE AMOUNT OF VOLTAGE NEEDED
TO PRODUCE A AMPERE OF CURRENT.
IF IT TAKES TWO VOLTS TO PRODUCE
ONE AMPERE, THE RESISTANCE IS
TWO OHMS
Current, Voltage, Resistance
Current
a measure of the rate of flow of electrons
measures in Amperes (A)
Voltage
a measure of the energy per charge
measured in Volts (V)
Resistance
a measure of the resistance to electron flow
measured in Ohms (W)
 SERIES CIRCUITS

THE CURRENT HAS A

SINGLE PATH
AROUND THE
CIRCUIT
 ACTIVITY

SERIES CIRCUIT
CIRCUIT ELEMENTS
IN SERIES
ALL HAVE THE SAME
CURRENT
THROUGH THEM
PARALLEL CIRCUIT

THE CURRENT HAS

MULTIPLE PATHS
AROUND THE
CIRCUIT
 ACTIVITY

PARALLEL CIRCUITS
CIRCUIT ELEMENTS
IN PARALLEL
ALL HAVE THE SAME
VOLTAGE ACROSS
THEM
 RESISTORS IN SERIES

THE TOTAL RESISTANCE IS

THE SUM OF ALL
RESISTORS IN SERIES.
 RESISTORS IN PARALLEL

THIS COMBINATION
POSSESSES LESS COMBINED
RESISTANCE THAN THE
LOWEST RESISTOR IN THE
COMBINATION.
 BATTERIES IN SERIES
THE TOTAL VOLTAGE
PRODUCED BY BATTERIES IN
SERIES IS THE SUM OF THE
VOLTAGES OF EACH BATTERY
BATTERIES IN PARALLEL
PRODUCE THE SAME
VOLTAGE
 QUESTION

HOW DO YOU CONNECT A BATTERY TO

JUMP START YOU CAR?

WHY ARE BATTERIES CONNECTED IN

BOTH PARALLEL AND SERIES IN SOME
PORTABLE DEVICES?
 ACTIVITY

ELECTRIC CIRCUITS
 DIODE
DIODE MEANS TO CONDUCT IN
ONLY ONE DIRECTION

WILL CONDUCT
ELECTRONS

WILL NOT CONDUCT

ELECTRONS
LIGHT EMITTING DIODE (LED)
A DIODE THAT EMITS LIGHT
WHEN CURRENT IS PRESENT.
MOST LEDS REQUIRE ONLY A
MILLIAMP TO BE SEEN.
 FUSE
A FUSE IS PLACED IN SERIES
WITH THE ENERGY SOURCE.
IT IS RATED TO BURN (OR
MELT) IF THE CURRENT
THROUGH IT EXCEEDS ITS
RATING.
 ACTIVITY

CIRCUIT BREAKERS
 CIRCUIT BREAKER

A MAGNETIC SWITCH THAT

BREAKS THE CIRCUIT IF
THE CURRENT IN THE
CIRCUIT EXCEEDS ITS
RATING
 SWITCHES
SINGLE POLE SINGLE THROW

SINGLE POLE DOUBLE THROW

 ACTIVITY

MAKE A SWITCH
 LEMON BATTERY
THE ZINC TERMINAL IS NEGATIVE

THE COPPER TERMINAL IS POSITIVE

ABOUT 1 VOLT IS PRODUCED BY A SINGLE

LEMON BATTERY

YOU NEED TWO LEMONS TO LIGHT AN LED

 ACTIVITY

LIGHT AN LED USING

LEMON BATTERIES