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q CV
The capacitance C is the proportionality constant.
Eo
Dielectric constant
E
19.5 Capacitors and Dielectrics
19.5 Capacitors and Dielectrics
Eo q o A
Eo V
E
d
A
q o V
d
C 19.0 10 12 F
19.5 Capacitors and Dielectrics
Energy 12 CV 2
Volume Ad
A
Energy 12 o Ed
2
Electric Circuits
20.1 Electromotive Force and Current
The electric current is the amount of charge per unit time that passes
through a surface that is perpendicular to the motion of the charges.
q
I
t
One coulomb per second equals one ampere (A).
20.1 Electromotive Force and Current
If the charges move around the circuit in the same direction at all times,
the current is said to be direct current (dc).
If the charges move first one way and then the opposite way, the current is
said to be alternating current (ac).
20.1 Electromotive Force and Current
The current in a 3.0 V battery of a pocket calculator is 0.17 mA. In one hour
of operation, (a) how much charge flows in the circuit.
OHMS LAW
V
R constant or V IR
I
Example 2 A Flashlight
V 3.0 V
R 7.5
I 0.40 A
20.3 Resistance and Resistivity
L
R
A
L
R
A
20.3 Resistance and Resistivity
The instructions for an electric lawn mower suggest that a 20-gauge copper extension
cord can be used for distances up to 35 m, but a thicker 16-gauge cord should
be used for longer distances. The cross sectional area of a 20-gauge wire is
5.2x10-7m2, while that of a 16-gauge wire is 13x10-7m2. Determine the
resistance of (a) 35 m of 20-gauge copper wire and (b) 75 m of 16-gauge
copper wire.
L 1.72 10 8 m 35 m
(a) R 1.2
A 5.2 10 m
-7 2
L 1.72 10 8 m 75 m
(b) R 0.99
A 13 10 m
-7 2
20.3 Resistance and Resistivity
o 1 T To
temperature coefficient
of resistivity
R Ro 1 T To
20.4 Electric Power
Suppose some charge emerges from a battery and the potential difference
between the battery terminals is V.
energy
P
q V
q
V IV
t t
power
time
20.4 Electric Power
ELECTRIC POWER
P IV
SI Unit of Power: watt (W)
P I IR I 2 R
V V2
P V
R R
20.4 Electric Power
V Vo sin 2 ft
20.5 Alternating Current
In circuits that contain only resistance, the current reverses direction each time
the polarity of the generator reverses.
V Vo
I sin 2 ft I o sin 2 ft
R R
peak current
20.5 Alternating Current
I I o sin 2 ft V Vo sin 2 ft
P IV I oVo sin 2 2 ft
20.5 Alternating Current
I oVo I o Vo
P I rmsVrms
2 2 2
20.5 Alternating Current
Vrms I rms R
P Vrms I rms
P I rms
2
R
2
Vrms
P
R
20.5 Alternating Current
(a) Vo 34 V
Vrms 24 V
2 2
(b) Vrms 24 V
I rms 3.0 A
R 8.0
There are many circuits in which more than one device is connected to
a voltage source.
Series wiring means that the devices are connected in such a way
that there is the same electric current through each device.
20.6 Series Wiring
Series resistors RS R1 R2 R3
20.6 Series Wiring
(a) V 12.0 V
RS 6.00 3.00 9.00 I 1.33 A
RS 9.00
V V 1 1 1
I I1 I 2 V V
R1 R2 R1 R2 RP
parallel resistors
1 1 1 1
RP R1 R2 R3
20.7 Parallel Wiring
KIRCHHOFFS RULES
Loop rule. Around any closed circuit loop, the sum of the potential drops
equals the sum of the potential rises.
20.10 Kirchhoffs Rules
I 12 6.0 V I 8.0 24
V
potentialrises
potentialdrops
I 0.90 A
20.12 Capacitors in Series and Parallel
q q1 q2 C1V C2V C1 C2 V
Parallel capacitors C P C1 C2 C3
20.12 Capacitors in Series and Parallel
q q 1 1
V V1 V2 q
C1 C2 C1 C2
1 1 1 1
Series capacitors
CS C1 C2 C3
20.13 RC Circuits
Capacitor charging
q qo 1 e t RC
time constant
RC
20.13 RC Circuits
Capacitor discharging
q qo e t RC
time constant
RC
20.13 RC Circuits
20.14 Safety and the Physiological Effects of Current