b) DC Machines

Electric Machine
Rotating electric machines can be used as motors and
generators
Electric motor and generators are rotating energy-
transfer electromechanical motion devices
Electric motors convert electrical energy to
mechanical energy
Generators convert mechanical energy to electrical
energy
 Electric Machine
Electric machines can be divided into 2 types:
AC machines
DC machines
All Electric machines have:
Stationary members (stator)
rotating members (rotor)
Air gap which is separating stator and rotor
 DC machine Construction

The stator of the DC motor has

poles, which are excited by DC Field
current through field winding to
produce magnetic fields. Rotor

The rotor has a ring-shaped

laminated iron-core with slots.
Coils with several turns are placed in N S
the slots called armature winding.
Voltage in armature winding is
applied / delivered to external circuit
through commutator and brush
assembly Stator with
Brush with poles
 N
Rotor
+ If

Vf If

- Stator
If
S
D. C. Generator

Principle of Operation
Input: Rotational or Mechanical Energy
Output: Electrical Energy

When a conductor rotates in a magnetic

field produced by poles, dynamically induced
e.m.f is produced in it according to
Faradays law of electromagnetic induction
 Voltage induced in the armature winding is alternating in
nature

The armature winding is connected to rotating

commutator which rectifies the induced voltage to
unidirectional voltage (but pulsating)

The brushes which are connected to the armature winding,

ride on commutator collect the current from the
commutator and deliver it to the external load circuit
 Generated EMF

Let
Flux/Pole in Wb
Z Total No. of Armature Conductors
No. of Slots No. of Conductors per Slot
P No. of Generator poles
A No. of Parallel Paths in Armature
N Armature rotation in rpm
E EMF induced in any parallel path in Armature

Generated EMF E g EMF generated in any one of the parallel paths i.e E
 d
Average EMF Generated/ Conductor volt
dt
Now, Flux cut/conduc tor in 1 revolution , d P Wb
No. of Revolution s/sec N/60
60
Time for 1 revolution , dt sec
N
Hence, according to Faradays Laws of electromagnetic induction,

d
EMF Generated/ conductor volt
dt
P PN
volt
60/N 60
ZN P
Emf induced per parallel path E g volt
60 A
 Types of D.C. Generators

According to the way in which their fields

are excited, generators are classified into :

i) Separately excited D.C. Generator

ii) Self- excited D.C. Generator

Shunt connected
Series connected
Compound connected
i) Separately excited D.C. Generators are those whose field magnets are
energized from an independent source of D.C. Current

If I
Brush
+
L
Eg Ra O V
A
Field Winding Eg D

-
Brush

Field connected to external source Eg = V + IaRa

ii) Self excited D.C. Generators are those whose field magnets are energized from
the induced voltage itself (Here residual magnetism should be present and the
connection should be such that the flux produced by induced voltage aids the
residual flux)

a) Shunt wound D.C. Generator

Ish I
+
Ia
Ra L
Shunt Field Ra O V
Eg A
Rsh Eg D

Rsh Shunt Field Resistance Eg = V + IaRa

Ra - Armature Resistance
b) Series wound D.C. Generator

Ia=Ise=I Rse

Series Field
+
L
Ra O V
Eg
Eg A
D

Rse Series Field Resistance Eg = V + IaRa + IaRse

Ra - Armature Resistance
 c) Compound wound D.C. Generator

I Ish I

Series Field Series Field

Ish Ia
L V Shunt Field L V
Ia O O
A Eg A
D D
Shunt Field Eg

Long Shunt
Short Shunt
Shunt winding is parallel to
Shunt winding is parallel only
series combination of armature
to armature winding
winding and series field

Eg = V + IaRa + IRse
Eg = V + IaRa + IaRse
 Eddy current Losses
In addition to the voltages induced in the armature conductors, there are also voltages
induced in the armature core. These voltages produce circulating currents in the armature
core. These are called eddy currents and power loss due to their flow is called eddy current
loss. The eddy current loss appears as heat which raises the temperature of the machine
and lowers its efficiency.

If a continuous solid iron core is used, the resistance to eddy current path will be small due
to large cross-sectional area of the core. Consequently, the magnitude of eddy current and
hence eddy current loss will be large. The core resistance can be greatly increased by
constructing the core of thin, round iron sheets called laminations(0.5 mm). The
laminations are insulated from each other with a coating of varnish.

The insulating coating has a high resistance, so very little current flows from one
lamination to the other. Also, because each lamination is very thin, the resistance to current
flowing through the width of a lamination is also quite large. Thus laminating a core
increases the core resistance which decreases the eddy current and hence the eddy current
loss.
 D. C. Motor
Applications in rolling mills, traction,
overhead cranes
Principle of Operation
Input: Electrical Energy
Output :Mechanical Energy
When a current carrying conductor is placed
in a magnetic field, it experiences a
mechanical force whose direction is given by
Flemings left hand rule.
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 Constructionally, D.C. Generator and D.C. motor have no basic difference
When the coil is powered, a magnetic
field is generated around the armature.
The left side of the armature is pushed
away from the left magnet and drawn
toward the right, causing rotation. When
the armature becomes horizontally
aligned, the commutator reverses the
direction of current through the coil,
reversing the magnetic field. The
process then repeats.
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Armature is now rotating in the
magnetic field and hence there
will be an induced emf in the
armature winding. The nature of
the induced emf is to appose the
cause producing it and hence
opposes the applied voltage
which is the cause for rotation
and hence called as the back
emf
Shunt motor

Ish I
+
Ia
Ra
Shunt Field V
Armature
Rsh Eb

E b V Ia R a

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 Series Motor

Rse
Ia=Ise=I
Series Field
+

Ra
V
Eb

E b V I a R a I a Rse

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 Compound wound motor
Ish I
I

Series Field Series Field

Ia
Ish L V
L V Shunt Field
O
Ia O A
A
Eg b
D
D
Shunt Field Eg b

Long Shunt
Short Shunt
Shunt winding is parallel to
Shunt winding is parallel only series combination of armature
to armature winding winding and series field

E b V I a R a IRse E b V I a R a I a Rse
 As the back emf is same as induced voltage in the case of generators,
the equation of back emf is same as the generated voltage equation of a
generator
ZN P
i.e Eb volt
60 A

Eb 60 A
or N
ZP
E b V I a Ra
N

So we can vary the speed by varying either of these three quantities and
hence three types of speed control

V Supply voltage control

IaRa Armature voltage control
flux control

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 Type of Characteristi Applications
Applications
Motor ofcsDC motor
Shunt Motor Approximately Centrifugal
constant pumps
speed, Machine tools
medium Blowers and fans
torque Reciprocating
pumps
Series Variable Traction work
Motor speed Electric
High starting locomotives
torque Trolley, cars
Cranes and
hoists
Conveyors
Compound Adjustable Elevators
(commulativ varying speed Heavy planers
e) Air compressors
Rollilng millls