Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Concrete
Allowable Stresses
Steel Reinforcement
I. WSD For BEAMS
Consider a relatively long simply supported beam shown below.
Assume the load wo to be increasing progressively until the beam fails. The
beam will go into the following three stages:
1. Uncrack Concrete Stage at this stage, the gross section of the concrete will
resist the bending which means that the beam will behave like a solid beam
made entirely of concrete.
2. Crack Concrete Stage Elastic Stress range
3. Ultimate Stress Stage Beam Failure
Concrete Beam Crack Stages
At section 1: Uncrack stage
a. Actual moment, M < Cracking moment, Mcr
b. Elastic stress stage
c. Cracks developed at the tension fiber of the
beam and spreads quickly to the neutral axis
d. The tensile stress of concrete is higher than
the rupture strength
e. Ultimate stress stage can occur at failure
Concrete Beam Crack Stages
At section 1: Boundary between crack and
uncrack stages
a. Actual moment, M = Cracking moment, Mcr
b. Crack begins to form
c. The gross section resists bending
d. The tensile stress of concrete reached the
rupture point
Concrete Beam Crack Stages
At section 1: Crack concrete stage
a. Actual moment, M > Cracking moment, Mcr
b. Crack begins to form
c. The gross section resists bending
d. The tensile stress of concrete reached the
rupture point
A. Investigation of Beams
1. Singly Reinforced Beams
- Beams reinforced on tension side only.
By transformed section method or flexure formula
method
By transformed section method or flexure formula method
Where:
h = overall depth of the beam (mm)
z = steel covering (measure from the centroid of the bars) (mm)
d = effective depth of the beam (mm)
d=hz
As = area of steel reinforcement (mm 2)
fc= compressive strength of concrete (MPa)
fs = tensile strength of steel (MPa)
b = base of the beam (mm)
n = modular ratio (always a whole number)
n = Es/Ec
h
12
1
I NA b(kd )3 nAs (d kd ) 2
3
By Flexure Formula
Mc
fb
I
Where:
a. From Concrete Mc = Concrete Capacity
M c (kd ) (when fc = 0.45fc)
fc or Ms = Steel Capacity
I NA (when fs = 0.50 fy)
f c I NA
Mc Moment Capacity maximum
kd moment that the reinforced beam
b. From Steel can carry (smaller value between Mc
and Ms)
f s M s (d kd )
or When:
n I NA Mc governs Over reinforced
Beam
f s I NA
Ms Ms governs Under reinforced Beam
n(d kd )
Problem 1
A rectangular concrete beam is reinforced in
tension only. The width is 300 mm and the
effective depth is 600 mm. The beam carries a
moment of 80 kN.m. which causes a stress of 5
MPa in the extreme compression fiber of
concrete. Use n = 9.
A. What is the distance of the neutral axis from
the top of the beam?
B. Calculate the required area for steel
reinforcement.
C. Find the stress developed in the steel.