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REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN

WORKING STRESS DESIGN


(WSD)
METHOD
CONCRETE
A mixture of sand, gravel, crushed rock, or
other aggregates held together in a rocklike
mass with a paste of cement and water.
Has a high compressive strength and a very
low tensile strength.
REINFORCED CONCRETE
Is a combination of concrete and steel
wherein the steel reinforcement provides the
tensile strength lacking in the concrete.
PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE
1. Material Strength
fc = compressive strength of concrete reached
after 28 days upon pouring (usually 18-35 MPa)
Fc = allowable compressive strength
Fc = 0.45 fc(Beams/Slabs/Footings)
Fc = 0.25 fc(Columns)
2. Modulus of Elasticity
Ec 4700 fc '(MPa)
Advantages of Reinforced Concrete as
a Structural Material
Has considerable compressive strength
Has great resistance to the actions of fire and water
Reinforced concrete structures are very rigid
Low maintenance material
Has a very long service life
Economical material available for footings, basement walls, piers,
and similar applications
Its ability to be cast into an extraordinary variety of shapes
In most areas concrete takes advantage of inexpensive local
materials (sand, gravel and water) and requires relatively small
amounts of cement and reinforcing steel.
A lower grade of skilled labor is required for erection as compared
to other materials such a structural steel
Disadvantages if Reinforced Concrete
as a Structural Material
Concrete has a very low tensile strength, requiring the
use of tensile reinforcing.
Forms are required to hold the concrete in place until it
hardens sufficiently.
The low strength per unit of weight of concrete leads
to heavy members.
The low strength per unit volume of concrete means
members will be relatively large
The properties of concrete vary widely due to
variations in its proportioning and mixing.
Vulnerable to shrinkage and creep
Compatibility of Concrete and Steel
The great shortcoming of concrete is its lack of tensile
strength; but tensile strength is one of the great
advantages of steel.
The two materials bond together very well so there is
no slippage between the two, and thus they will act
together as a unit in resisting forces.
Reinforcing bars are subject to corrosion, but the
concrete surrounding them with excellent protection.
Enclosure of the reinforcement in concrete produces
very satisfactory fire ratings.
Concrete and steel work vey well together in relation
to temperature changes
PROPERTIES OF STEEL
1. Material Strength
fy =yield strength of steel (usually 210-414 MPa)
fs = allowable tensile strength of steel
fs = 0.5 fy (Beams/Slabs/Footings)
fs = 0.4 fy (Columns)
1. Modulus of Elasticity
Es 200 x103 MPa
Working Stress Design
WSD is called Alternate Design Method by the
National Structural Code of the Philippines,
NSCP and by American Concrete Institute, ACI.
Code Reference
NSCP 2010, Section 424: Alternate Design Method
ACI 318M-99, Appendix A: Alternate Design
Method
Notation
fc = allowable compressive stress of concrete
fs =allowable tensile stress of steel reinforcement
fc = specified compressive stress of concrete
fy = specified yield strength of steel reinforcement
Ec = modulus of elasticity of concrete
Es = modulus of elasticity of steel
n = modular ratio
M = design moment
d = distance from extreme fiber to centroid of steel reinf.
kd = distance from the neutral axis to the extreme fiber of concrete
jd = distance between compressive force C and tensile force T
= ratio of the area of steel to the effective area of concrete
s = ratio of long side to short side of concentrated load or reaction area
As = area of steel reinforcement
Design Principle
Allowable Stresses

Concrete
Allowable Stresses

Steel Reinforcement
I. WSD For BEAMS
Consider a relatively long simply supported beam shown below.

Assume the load wo to be increasing progressively until the beam fails. The
beam will go into the following three stages:
1. Uncrack Concrete Stage at this stage, the gross section of the concrete will
resist the bending which means that the beam will behave like a solid beam
made entirely of concrete.
2. Crack Concrete Stage Elastic Stress range
3. Ultimate Stress Stage Beam Failure
Concrete Beam Crack Stages
At section 1: Uncrack stage
a. Actual moment, M < Cracking moment, Mcr
b. Elastic stress stage
c. Cracks developed at the tension fiber of the
beam and spreads quickly to the neutral axis
d. The tensile stress of concrete is higher than
the rupture strength
e. Ultimate stress stage can occur at failure
Concrete Beam Crack Stages
At section 1: Boundary between crack and
uncrack stages
a. Actual moment, M = Cracking moment, Mcr
b. Crack begins to form
c. The gross section resists bending
d. The tensile stress of concrete reached the
rupture point
Concrete Beam Crack Stages
At section 1: Crack concrete stage
a. Actual moment, M > Cracking moment, Mcr
b. Crack begins to form
c. The gross section resists bending
d. The tensile stress of concrete reached the
rupture point
A. Investigation of Beams
1. Singly Reinforced Beams
- Beams reinforced on tension side only.
By transformed section method or flexure formula
method
By transformed section method or flexure formula method

Where:
h = overall depth of the beam (mm)
z = steel covering (measure from the centroid of the bars) (mm)
d = effective depth of the beam (mm)
d=hz
As = area of steel reinforcement (mm 2)
fc= compressive strength of concrete (MPa)
fs = tensile strength of steel (MPa)
b = base of the beam (mm)
n = modular ratio (always a whole number)
n = Es/Ec
h

Location of the Transformed Section N.A.


M NA 0
kd
b(kd ) nAs (d kd ) 0
2
kd
h

Moment of Inertia of the Transformed Section


2
1 kd
I NA b(kd )3 b(kd ) nAs (d kd ) 2
12 2
1 1
I NA b(kd )3 b(kd )3 nAs ( d kd ) 2
12 4
1 3
I NA b(kd ) nAs (d kd )
3 2

12
1
I NA b(kd )3 nAs (d kd ) 2
3
By Flexure Formula
Mc
fb
I
Where:
a. From Concrete Mc = Concrete Capacity
M c (kd ) (when fc = 0.45fc)
fc or Ms = Steel Capacity
I NA (when fs = 0.50 fy)
f c I NA
Mc Moment Capacity maximum
kd moment that the reinforced beam
b. From Steel can carry (smaller value between Mc
and Ms)
f s M s (d kd )
or When:
n I NA Mc governs Over reinforced
Beam
f s I NA
Ms Ms governs Under reinforced Beam
n(d kd )
Problem 1
A rectangular concrete beam is reinforced in
tension only. The width is 300 mm and the
effective depth is 600 mm. The beam carries a
moment of 80 kN.m. which causes a stress of 5
MPa in the extreme compression fiber of
concrete. Use n = 9.
A. What is the distance of the neutral axis from
the top of the beam?
B. Calculate the required area for steel
reinforcement.
C. Find the stress developed in the steel.

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