HYBRIDIZATION

1.1 Valence Bond Theory

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 Presentation Outlines:

Valence Bond Theory (VBT)

Hybridization of Atomic Orbital (sp3, sp2 sp,
sp3d and d2sp3)
The Mode of Orbital Overlap
Types of Covalent Bonds.

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 VB Theory

VB Theory is a covalent bond forms when

orbitals of two atoms overlap
@
Orbital overlapped
The overlapped region between the nuclei is
occupied by a pair of electron

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 PRINCIPLE

Opposing spin of the electron pairs

Maximum the overlapping bonding
-Bond strength depend on the attraction of the
nuclei for the shared electron
Hybridization of atomic orbital
-different btw atomic orbital in molecules and
isolated atom
- Mix new atomic orbital form stable bond

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 Figure 11.1 Orbital overlap and spin pairing in three
diatomic molecules.

Hydrogen, H2

Hydrogen fluoride, HF

Fluorine, F2
 Hybridization mixing of two or more atomic orbitals
to form a new set of hybrid orbitals.

Process- hybridization
New atomic orbital-hybrid orbital
Key point:
The number of hybrid orbitals obtained equals the
number of atomic orbitals mixed.
The type of hybrid orbitals obtained varies with the
types of atomic orbitals mixed.

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 sp

spd sp
Types of
Hybrid Orbitals

spd sp
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 Sigma () bonds concentrate density along
line joining atoms

8 adibatul@salam.uitm.edu.my
 How do I predict the hybridization of the central atom?

Count the number of lone pairs AND the number

of atoms bonded to the central atom
No. of Lone Pairs
+
No. of Bonded Atoms Hybridization Examples
2 sp BeCl2

3 sp2 BF3

4 sp3 CH4, NH3, H2O

5 sp3d PCl5

6 sp3d2 SF6
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 The sp hybrid orbitals in gaseous BeCl2.

atomic
orbitals

hybrid orbitals

orbital box diagrams

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The sp hybrid orbitals in gaseous BeCl2(continued).

orbital box diagrams with orbital contours

The sp2 hybrid orbitals in BF3.
The sp3 hybrid orbitals in CH4.
The sp3 hybrid orbitals in NH3.
The sp3 hybrid orbitals in H2O.
The sp3d hybrid orbitals in PCl5.
The sp3d2 hybrid orbitals in SF6.
Figure 11.8
The conceptual steps from molecular formula to the
hybrid orbitals used in bonding.

Step 1 Step 2 Step 3

Molecular Molecular shape

Lewis
formula and e group Hybrid
structure
arrangement orbitals
Figure 10.1 Figure 10.10 Table 11.1

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 Postulating Hybrid Orbitals in a Molecule

PROBLEM: Use partial orbital diagrams to describe mixing of the atomic

orbitals of the central atom leads to hybrid orbitals in each of
the following:

(a) Methanol, CH3OH (b) Sulfur tetrafluoride, SF4

PLAN: Use the Lewis structures to ascertain the arrangement of
groups and shape of each molecule. Postulate the hybrid
orbitals. Use partial orbital box diagrams to indicate the hybrid
for the central atoms.

SOLUTION: (a) CH3OH H The groups around C are

C O arranged as a tetrahedron.
H H H
O also has a tetrahedral
arrangement with 2 nonbonding
e- pairs.
 Postulating Hybrid Orbitals in a Molecule

2p 2p
sp3 sp3
hybridized hybridized
single C atom 2s single O atom
2s C atom O atom

(b) SF4 has a seesaw shape with 4 bonding and 1 nonbonding e pairs.
F
F S
F 3d
F 3d

3p

S atom sp3d hybridized

3s
S atom
 Orbital overlap and multiple bond

End to end overlapped and bonding

Side to side overlapped and bonding

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 A single bond is a sigma bond

Ethane

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 A double bond is a pi bond

The -bond in ethylene. The shape of the molecule

has something to do with the orbitals of carbon.
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 Sigma bond () electron density between the 2 atoms

Bonding in Ethylene

Pi bond () electron density above and below plane of nuclei

26 of the bonding atoms
 A double bond is a pi bond

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 Sp Hybridization of a Carbon Atom

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 Acetylene

A triple bond is a pi bond

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 Sigma () and Pi Bonds ()

Single bond 1 sigma bond

Double bond 1 sigma bond and 1 pi bond

Triple bond 1 sigma bond and 2 pi bonds

How many and bonds are in the acetic acid

(vinegar) molecule CH3COOH?
O

H
bonds = 6 + 1 = 7
H C C O H
bonds = 1
H
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 SAMPLE PROBLEM 11.2 Describing the Bond in Molecules

PROBLEM: Describe the types of bonds and orbitals in acetone, (CH3)2CO.

PLAN: Use the Lewis structures to ascertain the arrangement of groups and
shape at each central atom. Postulate the hybrid orbitals taking note of
the multiple bonds and their orbital overlaps.

SOLUTION: sp2 sp2

sp3 hybridized
O
O
O sp2
H H
sp3 hybridized H C H sp 2
sp3
C C
H sp3 2
H H
H sp2 C sp C sp3 C
C H
sp2 hybridized 3 sp3 H3 C CH3
3
sp H sp 3H
H sp3 sp

bond
bonds
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 Exercise

H O' H H C"
H
C' CH H O' N

H O C C CH H

HC CH O H

a) How many and bonds in the molecule?

b) What is hybridization for C, C, N and O?

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