B.F.

SKINNER
 To shape student behaviour
To encourage more sustained study
to increase excellent student performance
To discourage behaviour that interfere with
productive schoolwork.
 Is widely used to SHAPE student behaviour
indesirable directions through systematic
REINFORCEMENT
The way in which reinforcement is provided
affects subsequent behaviour
Constant reinforcement
given every time a student behaves as desired,
helps new learning become established

Example : Ali raised his hand in class

Noraini turns in required
homework
Intermittent reinforcement

Given occasionally, is sufficient to maintain

desired behaviour once it has become
established.
Ex : Students learned to come into classroom
and immediately begin work, the teacher
occasionally need to express appreciation
 Definition: This is similar to the concept of a
reward. Essentially, this is when something
negative is removed from a persons
experience as a way to increase the likelihood
of a behavior happening again. For example,
if a child studies hard for a test and the
parent rewards the child by not making him
do chores, it is likely that this good studying
behavior will recur.
 Think of negative reinforcement as taking
something negative away in order to increase
a response. Imagine a teenager who is
nagged by his mother to take out the garbage
week after week. After complaining to his
friends about the nagging, he finally one day
performs the task and to his amazement, the
nagging stops. The elimination of this
negative stimulus is reinforcing and will likely
increase the chances that he will take out the
garbage next week.
 A rat is placed in a cage and immediately
receives a mild electrical shock on its feet.
The shock is a negative condition for the rat.
The rat presses a bar and the shock stops.
The rat receives another shock, presses the
bar again, and again the shock stops. The
rat's behavior of pressing the bar is
strengthened by the consequence of the
stopping of the shock.
 Driving in heavy traffic is a negative condition
for most of us. You leave home earlier than
usual one morning, and don't run into heavy
traffic. You leave home earlier again the next
morning and again you avoid heavy traffic.
Your behavior of leaving home earlier is
strengthened by the consequence of the
avoidance of heavy traffic
 Punishment refers to adding something
aversive in order to decrease a behavior. The
most common example of this is disciplining
(e.g. spanking) a child for misbehaving. The
reason we do this is because the child begins
to associate being punished with the negative
behavior. The punishment is not liked and
therefore to avoid it, he or she will stop
behaving in that manner.
 The concept of Negative Reinforcement is
difficult to teach and learn because of the word
negative. Negative Reinforcement is often
confused with Punishment. They are very
different, however. Negative Reinforcement
strengthens a behavior because a negative
condition is stopped or avoided as a
consequence of the behavior.
Punishment, on the other hand, weakens a
behavior because a negative condition is
introduced or experienced as a consequence of
the behavior.
People will engage in and learn
from activities that bring them
pleasure.