AUTO TRAIN

SUBMITTED BY
 ABSTRACT
In this project microcontroller used as CPU. Whenever
the station arrives the train stops automatically.Then
the train door is opened so that the passenger enters
inside and closes after the prescribed time set in the
controller.It is equipped with a passenger counting
section also which counts the number of passengers
leaving and entering inside the train.
The counts are displayed on a seven segment LED
display interfaced with microcontroller. The motion of
the train is controlled by the Motor driver IC.
Before starting and after stopping train at station the
controller blows the buzzer. Also the red and green
signals are indicated using LEDs.
BLOCK DIAGRAM
 HARD WARE EQUIPMENTS
Microcontroller unit 8051
7-SEGMENT display
IR Led's
Photo Diodes
MOTOR Driver L293D
12v Battery
Crystal Oscillator
Led's
Buzzer
DC Motors
Diodes
Capacitors
Resistors
Push Buttons
 EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
Definition for :- EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

A combination of hardware and software which together

form a component of a larger machine.

An example of an embedded system is a microprocessor that

controls an automobile engine.

An embedded system is designed to run on its own without

human intervention, and may be required to respond to
events in real time.
EMBEDDED SYSTEMS
 MICRO CONTROLLER
Compatible with MCS-51 Products
8K Bytes of In-System Programmable (ISP) Flash
Memory
4.0V to 5.5V Operating Range
Crystal Frequency 11.0592MHZ
Three-level Program Memory Lock
256 x 8-bit Internal RAM
32 Programmable I/O Lines
Three 16-bit Timer/Counters
Eight Interrupt Sources
Full Duplex UART Serial Channel
AT89S52
Watchdog Timer
PIN DIAGRAM OF AT89S52
 SEVEN SEGMENT DISPLAY
The segments themselves are identified with
lower-case letters "a" through "g," with segment
"a" at the top and then counting clockwise.
The LEDS in a seven-segment display are not isolated
from each other. Rather, either all of the cathodes, or all of
the anodes, are connected together into a common lead, while
the other end of each LED is individually available.
This means fewer electrical connections to the package, and
also allows us to easily enable or disable a particular digit by
controlling the common lead.
There is no automatic advantage of the common-cathode
seven-segment unit over the common-anode version, or vice-
versa. Each type lends itself to certain applications,
configurations, and logic families.
 BC547
The BC547 transistor is an NPN Epitaxial
Silicon Transistor.
The BC547 transistor is a general-purpose
transistor in small plastic packages.
It is used in general-purpose switching and
amplification BC847/BC547 series 45 V, 100 mA
NPN general-purpose transistors.
Whenever base is high, then current starts
flowing through base and emitter and after that
only current will pass from collector to emitter
 LED
LEDs are semiconductor devices are made out of silicon

When current passes through the LED, it emits photons as a

byproduct. Normal light bulbs produce light by heating a metal
filament until its white hot

LEDs present many advantages over traditional light sources

including lower energy consumption, longer lifetime,
improved robustness, smaller size and faster switching
 BATTERY
An electrical battery is a combination
of one or more electrochemical cells,
used to convert stored chemical energy
into electrical energy.
The battery has become a common
power source for many household,

robotics and industrial applications.

Larger batteries provide standby
power for telephone exchanges or
computer data centers
Battery capacity and discharging
 IR LED
An IR LED, also known as IR transmitter, is a special purpose
LED that transmits infrared rays in the range of 760 nm
wavelength.

Such LEDs are usually made of gallium arsenide or aluminum

gallium arsenide. They, along with IR receivers, are
commonly used as sensors.

The appearance is same as a common LED. Since the human

eye cannot see the infrared radiations, it is not possible for a
person to identify whether the IR LED is working or not,
unlike a common LED.

To overcome this problem, the camera on a cell phone can be

used. The camera can show us the IR rays being emanated
from the IR LED in a circuit.
 Photo diode
A photodiode is a type of photo detector
capable of converting light into either current or
voltage, depending upon the mode of
operation.
Photodiodes are similar to regular
semiconductor diodes except that they may be
either exposed (to detect vacuum UV or X-rays)
or packaged with a window or optical fibre
connection to allow light to reach the sensitive
part of the device.
 MOTOR driver l293d
L293D is a dual H-bridge motor
driver integrated circuit (IC).
Motor drivers act as current
amplifiers since they take a low-
current control signal and provide
a higher-current signal.
This higher current signal is used
to drive the motors.

L293D contains two inbuilt H-bridge driver circuits. In its

common mode of operation, two DC motors can be driven
simultaneously, both in forward and reverse direction.
 Operation of motor driver
L293D has 2 set of
arrangements where one set
has input 1, input 2, output 1
and output 2 and other set has
input 3, input 4, output 3 and
output 4, according to block
diagram if pin no 2 & 7 are high
then pin no 3 & 6 are also high.
If enable 1 and pin number 2
are high leaving pin number 7 as
low then the motor rotates in
forward direction.
If enable 2 and pin number 10
are high leaving pin number 15
as low then the motor rotates in
forward direction.
Contd..
If enable 1 and pin number 2 are low leaving
pin number 7 as high then the motor rotates
in reverse direction.
If enable 2 and pin number 15 are high
leaving pin number 10 as low then the motor
rotates in forward direction.
 DC- MOTOR
A DC motor is an electric motor that runs on
direct current (DC) electricity. In any electric
motor, operation is based on simple
electromagnetism.
A simple 2-pole DC electric motor (here red
represents a magnet or winding with a "North"
polarization, while green represents a magnet or
winding with a "South" polarization).
Every DC motor has six basic parts -- axle, rotor
(a.k.a., armature), stator, commutator, field
magnet(s), and brushes.
 BUZZER
Piezo Buzzer
This buzzer is an piezo type audio signaling device, which has a piezo
element and a oscillating circuit inside which oscillates the piezo brass base
plate, which when given voltage difference produces sound of a predefined
frequency.
Features
These high reliability piezo buzzers are applicable to general electronics
equipment.
Compact, pin terminal type Piezo buzzer with 4 KHz output.
Pin type terminal construction enables direct mounting onto printed circuit
boards.
 SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS

PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES

Embedded C , ALP (Assembly Language)

COMPILERS:

Keil 2.0/3.0uv

DUMPING SOFT WARE:

Using Micro controller flash Software we are dumping

our HEX Code into Micro Controller
KEIL COMPILER WINDOW
 BIBILOGRAPHY

The 8051 Microcontroller and Embedded systems by Muhammad Ali

Mazidi and Janice Gillispie Mazidi , Pearson Education.

ATMEL 89S52 Data Sheets.

www.atmel.com

www.beyondlogic.org

www.wikipedia.org

www.howstuffworks.com

www.alldatasheets.com
THANK Q