Elements of Electrical Engineering

(2110005)
Lecture- 00
Dr. Pritesh Mankad
Professor- Electrical Engg.,
BITS Educampus, Vadodara

Dr. Pritesh Mankad, Professor& Head, EED, BITS Edu Campus-Vadodara

 Good Afternoon & Welcome!!

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 Lets understand
what Engineering is!!!

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 Early men

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 Farming

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 Simple Machines

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 Modern Machines

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 Future Machines

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 What is Science?
Study of laws of Nature

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 What is Technology?
Detailed outline of making something useful
to society using Laws of Nature.

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 What is Engineering?
Making something useful to society using Science
and Technology such that it is economical, efficient
and reliable/long lasting.

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 Branches of Engineering

Conventional Branches
Civil Engineering
Mechanical Engineering
Electrical Engineering
Chemical Engineering
Contemporary Branches
Computer Engineering
Electronics & Telecommunication
Information Technology

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Overview of Electrical Engineering as a
Career

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Video about Electrical Engineering

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Dr. Pritesh Mankad, Professor& Head, EED, BITS Edu Campus-Vadodara
 History: Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790)

His kite experiment demonstrated that lightning is electricity.

He was the first to use the terms positive and negative charge.

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 Michael Faraday (1791-1867)
An Englishman, made one of the most significant discoveries
in the history of electricity: Electromagnetic induction.
His pioneering work dealt with how electric currents work.
Many inventions would come from his experiments, but they
would come fifty to one hundred years later.

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 James Maxwell (1831-1879)
A Scottish mathematician translated Faraday's theories into
mathematical expressions. Maxwell was one of the finest
mathematicians in history.
A Maxwell is the electromagnetic unit of magnetic flux,
named in his honour. Today he is widely regarded as
secondary only to Isaac Newton and Albert Einstein in the
world of science.

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 Thomas Alva Edison (1847-1931)
Was one of the most well known inventors of all time with
1093 patents.
During the whole of his life, Edison received only three
months of formal schooling, and was dismissed from school
as being retarded, though in fact a childhood attack of scarlet
fever had left him partially deaf.

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 Nichola Tesla
Was born of Serbian parents July 10, 1856 and died a broke
and lonely man in New York City January 7, 1943.
He envisioned a world without poles and power lines.
First harnessing of Niagara Falls with the first hydroelectric
plant in the United States in 1886.

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 Electricity: History

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How Electrical Energy reaches our homes? (Video)

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 How Electricity reaches us.

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 Area of wok for Electrical Engineer
Production
Design
Testing and Research
Maintenance
Operations
Marketing
Own business
Govt. contractor
Energy Auditor/Energy Manager

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 What after BE-Electrical

Job- Government/Private sector

Own Business/Contract
M.E/M.Tech (GATE)
Higher Studies abroad (MS)
Consultancy: Design/Planning/Energy Audit
MBA (CAT)

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 About GATE

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Proud to be and Electrical Engineer

Its a White Collar Job!!!

He is an All-rounder!!!

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 Thank you

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Elements of Electrical Engineering
(2110005)
Lecture- 01
Dr. Pritesh Mankad
Professor- Electrical Engg.,
BITS Educampus, Vadodara

Dr. Pritesh Mankad, Professor& Head, EED, BITS Edu Campus-Vadodara

 Atom structure

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 Free Electron

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 Electric Charge

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Dr. Pritesh Mankad, Professor& Head, EED, BITS Edu Campus-Vadodara
 Charge
Symbol: (q)
Unit: Coulomb (C)

The fundamental electric Charge in an electron:

quantity is charge.
qe = -1.602x10-19 C
Atoms are composed of
charge carrying particles:
electrons and protons, and Charge in a proton:
neutral particles, neutrons.
qp = 1.602x10-19 C
The smallest amount of
charge that exists is carried by
an electron and a proton.

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 Electric Field

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 Potential & Potential Difference

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Potential and Potential difference

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 Voltage

Symbol: V
Unit: Volt
Potential difference across Let A be the lower potential/voltage
two terminals in a circuit terminal
across variable.
Let B be the higher potential/voltage
In order to move charge terminal
from point A to point B,
o Then, voltage across A and B is the
work needs to be done.
cost in energy required to move a
Like potential energy at a unit positive charge from A to B.
water fall.

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Voltage-Water Analogy

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Voltage/Current-Water Analogy

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 Series Connection of Cells

Each cell provides 1.5 V

Two cells connected one after another, in series, provide 3 V, while
three cells would provide 4.5 V
Polarities matter

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 Parallel Connection of Cells

If the cells are connected in parallel, the voltage stays at 1.5 V,

but now a larger current can be drawn.

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 Electric Current

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 Current

Symbol: I
Unit: Ampere

Current moves through a Essentially, flow of electrons in an

circuit element through electric circuit leads to the
variable. establishment of current.
Current is rate of flow of I(t) =
dq
negatively-charged particles, dt
called electrons, through a
predetermined cross-sectional o q : relatively charged electrons
area in a conductor. (C)
Like water flow. o Amp = C/sec
o Often measured in milliamps,
mA
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Current-Water Analogy

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Wire-Water Analogy

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 Energy and Power

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 Energy and Power

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 Electric source and load

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 Sources and Loads

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 Ideal Voltage source

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 Practical Voltage Source

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 Ideal Current source

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 Practical Current source

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 Dependent Sources

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 Resistance

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 Resistor Concept I

Flow of electric current through a conductor experiences a

certain amount of resistance.
The resistance, expressed in ohms (W, named after George ohm),
kilo-ohms (kW, 1000W), or mega-ohms (MW, 106W) is a measure
of how much a resistor resists the flow of electricity.
The magnitude of resistance is dictated by electric properties of
the material and material geometry.
This behavior of materials is often used to control/limit electric
current flow in circuits.
Henceforth, the conductors that exhibit the property of resisting
current flow are called resistors.

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Resistor Concept I

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 Resistor Concept II

A resistor is a dissipative element. It converts electrical energy

into heat energy. It is analogous to the viscous friction element of
mechanical system.

When electrons enter at one end of a resistor, some of the

electrons collide with atoms within the resistor. These atoms start
vibrating and transfer their energy to neighboring air molecules. In
this way, a resistor dissipates electrical energy into heat energy.

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 Resistor Concept II

Resistors can be thought of as analogous to water carrying pipes.

Water is supplied to your home in large pipes, however, the pipes get
smaller as the water reaches the final user. The pipe size limits the
water flow to what you actually need.

Electricity works in a similar manner, except that wires have so

little resistance that they would have to be very very thin to limit the
flow of electricity. Such thin wire would be hard to handle and break
easily.

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Resistors-Water Analogy

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 Resistor V-I Characteristic
In a typical resistor, a conducting element displays linear voltage-current
relationship. (i.e., current through a resistor is directly proportional to the
voltage across it).
I V
Using G as a constant of proportionality, we obtain:
I = GV
Equivalently,
V = RI (or V = IR)
where R = 1/G.
R is termed as the resistance of conductor (ohm, W)
G is termed as the conductance of conductor (mho, )

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 Resistor Applications

Resistors are used for:

Limiting current in electric circuits.

Lowering voltage levels in electric circuits (using voltage divider).

As current provider.

As a sensor (e.g., photoresistor detects light condition, thermistor

detects temperature condition, strain gauge detects load condition,
etc.)

In electronic circuits, resistors are used as pull-up and pull-down

elements to avoid floating signal levels.

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 Resistors: Power Rating and Composition

It is very important to be aware of power rating of resistor used in

circuits and to make sure that this limit is not violated. A higher power
rating resistor can dissipate more energy that a lower power rating
resistor.
Resistors can be made of:
Carbon film (decomposition of carbon film on a ceramic core).
Carbon composition (carbon powder and glue-like binder).
Metal oxide (ceramic core coated with metal oxide).
Precision metal film.
High power wire wound.

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 Resistor Examples

Contact leads

Symbol for resistor

Resistor

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 Resistor Labels
Wire-wound resistors have a label indicating resistance and power ratings.
A majority of resistors have color bars to indicate their resistance magnitude.
There are usually 4 to 6 bands of color on a resistor. As shown in the figure
below, the right most color bar indicates the resistor reliability, however, some
resistor use this bar to indicate the tolerance. The color bar immediately left to
the tolerance bar (C), indicates the multipliers (in tens). To the left of the
multiplier bar are the digits, starting from the last digit to the first digit.

Resistor value = AB 10 tol%(W) C

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 Resistor Color Codes

Band color Digit Multiplier

Black 0 X1
Brown 1 X10
Color Tolerance Red 2 X100
Brown 1% Orange 3 X1000
Yellow 4 X10000
Red 2%
Green 5 X100000
Gold 5% Blue 6 X1000000
Silver 10% Purple 7 X10000000
Grey 8 X100000000
None 20%
White 9 X1000000000
Silver - x.01
Gold - x.1

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 Example

The first band is yellow, so the first digit is 4

The second band is violet, so the second digit is 7
2
The third band is red, so the multiplier is 10
Resistor value is 47 102 5%(W)

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 Resistance Colour Code Wheel

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 Metric Units and Conversions

Abbreviation Means Multiply unit by Or

p pico .000000000001 10 -12
n nano .000000001 10 -9
micro .000001 10 -6
m milli .001 10 -3
. Unit 1 10 0
k kilo 1,000 10 3
M mega 1,000,000 10 6
G giga 1,000,000,000 10 9

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