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Figure 16-1. Principal subduction zones associated with orogenic volcanism and plutonism. Triangles are on the overriding
plate. PBS = Papuan-Bismarck-Solomon-New Hebrides arc. After Wilson (1989) Igneous Petrogenesis, Allen Unwin/Kluwer.
Igneous activity is related to convergent
plate situations that result in the subduction
of one plate beneath another
The initial petrologic model:
Oceanic crust is partially melted
Figure 16-2. Schematic cross section through a typical island arc after Gill (1981), Orogenic Andesites
and Plate Tectonics. Springer-Verlag. HFU= heat flow unit (4.2 x 10-6 joules/cm2/sec)
Volcanic Rocks of Island Arcs
Figure 16-6. From Winter (2001) An Introduction to Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology. Prentice Hall.
REEs
Trace Elements
Slope within series is similar, but
height varies with FX due to
removal of Ol, Plag, and Pyx
(+) slope of low-K DM
Some even more depleted than
MORB
Others have more normal slopes
Thus heterogeneous mantle
sources
HREE flat, so no deep garnet
frictional heating
yellow curves
= mantle flow
Figure 10-4. Dry peridotite solidus compared to several experiments on H2O-saturated peridotites.
P-T-t paths for subducted crust
Based on subduction rate of 3 cm/yr (length of each curve = ~15 Ma)
Takes 30-70 Ma to reach equilibrium between subduction and
heating of the slab
Yellow paths =
Subducted Crust
various arc ages
Red paths =
different ages of
subducted slab
Subducted Crust
Crust and
Mantle
Figure 16-18. Some calculated P-T-t
paths for peridotite in the mantle wedge Wedge
as it follows a path similar to the flow
lines in Figure 16-15. Included are some
P-T-t path range for the subducted crust
in a mature arc, and the wet and dry
solidi for peridotite from Figures 10-5
and 10-6. The subducted crust
dehydrates, and water is transferred to
the wedge (arrow). After Peacock
(1991), Tatsumi and Eggins (1995).
Winter (2001). An Introduction to
Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology.
Prentice Hall.
Island Arc Petrogenesis
Figure 17-4. Chondrite-normalized REE diagram for selected Andean volcanics. NVZ (6 samples, average SiO2 = 60.7, K2O = 0.66, data
from Thorpe et al. 1984; Geist, pers. comm.). CVZ (10 samples, ave. SiO2 = 54.8, K2O = 2.77, data from Deruelle, 1982; Davidson, pers.
comm.; Thorpe et al., 1984). SVZ (49 samples, average SiO2 = 52.1, K2O = 1.07, data from Hickey et al. 1986; Deruelle, 1982; Lpez-
Escobar et al. 1981). Winter (2001) An Introduction to Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology. Prentice Hall.
Chapter 17: Continental Arc Magmatism
Figure 17-6. Sr vs. Nd isotopic ratios for the three zones of the Andes. Data from James et al. (1976), Hawkesworth et al. (1979), James
(1982), Harmon et al. (1984), Frey et al. (1984), Thorpe et al. (1984), Hickey et al. (1986), Hildreth and Moorbath (1988), Geist (pers.
comm), Davidson (pers. comm.), Wrner et al. (1988), Walker et al. (1991), deSilva (1991), Kay et al. (1991), Davidson and deSilva
(1992). Winter (2001) An Introduction to Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology. Prentice Hall.
Chapter 17: Continental Arc Magmatism
Figure 17-9. Relative frequency of rock types in the Andes vs. SW Pacific Island arcs. Data from 397 Andean and 1484 SW Pacific
analyses in Ewart (1982) In R. S. Thorpe (ed.), Andesites. Wiley. New York, pp. 25-95. Winter (2001) An Introduction to Igneous and
Metamorphic Petrology. Prentice Hall.
Chapter 17: Continental Arc Magmatism
Figure 17-23. Schematic cross section of an active continental margin subduction zone, showing the dehydration of the subducting slab,
hydration and melting of a heterogeneous mantle wedge (including enriched sub-continental lithospheric mantle), crustal underplating of
mantle-derived melts where MASH processes may occur, as well as crystallization of the underplates. Remelting of the underplate to
produce tonalitic magmas and a possible zone of crustal anatexis is also shown. As magmas pass through the continental crust they may
differentiate further and/or assimilate continental crust. Winter (2001) An Introduction to Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology. Prentice
Hall.