ERA/LN-97:1958 1997-10-10 Rev PA1

The Link Budget

Power

Antenna
gain
Output
power
Feeder
loss
Free
space Feeder
loss Antenna loss Recieved power
gain
Fading
margin
Receiver threshold

ERA/LN-97:1958 1997-10-10 Rev PA1

 Fading Margin

Fading margin > Rain fading + Multipath fading

Rain fading
Dominant cause of fading for f > 10
GHz
Multipath fading
Dominant cause of fading for f < 10
GHz

Common fading margin: 25 - 40 dB

ERA/LN-97:1958 1997-10-10 Rev PA1

 Far Interference

Tx=f2
Tx=f1 Rx=f1
Rx=f2

Tx=f1
Rx=f2
Tx=f2
Rx=f1

ERA/LN-97:1958 1997-10-10 Rev PA1

 Near Interference

Tx=f1
Rx=f2

Tx=f2
Rx=f1

ERA/LN-97:1958 1997-10-10 Rev PA1

 Adjacent channel interference

fRx fTx

Interference

ERA/LN-97:1958 1997-10-10 Rev PA1

 Threshold Degradation, I
Power Received
power

Fading margin,
Fading margin, interfered
uninterfered receiver
receiver
Threshold
degradation

Receiver
threshold
ERA/LN-97:1958 1997-10-10 Rev PA1
 Threshold Degradation, contd.

Rule-of-Thumb:

Threshold degradation < 3 dB

ERA/LN-97:1958 1997-10-10 Rev PA1

 Threshold Degradation, contd.

-70
Receiver Threshold, dB

-72
-74
-76
-78
-80
-82
-84
-86 3 dB
-88
-90
14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26
Signal-to-Interference Ratio, dB

ERA/LN-97:1958 1997-10-10 Rev PA1

 Channel Separation

Channel
separation
Capacity Channel separation
2x2 Mbit/s 3.5 MHz
4x2 / 8 Mbit/s 7.0 MHz
8x2 Mbit/s 14.0 MHz
17x2 / 34 Mbit/s 28.0 MHz

ERA/LN-97:1958 1997-10-10 Rev PA1

 Channel Plan
Low sub-band High sub-band
1A 2A 3A 4A 5A 6A 7A 1B 2B 3B 4B 5B 6B 7B

f
Duplex distance

Tx=4A Tx=4B
Rx=4B Rx=4A
L (Low) H (High)

ERA/LN-97:1958 1997-10-10 Rev PA1

 High / Low Tx Channel Allocation
H L
H L
H

H L
H L

Near
interference
H/L
ERA/LN-97:1958 1997-10-10 Rev PA1
 High / Low Tx Channel Allocation, II

Rings with an odd number of sites

should be avoided.

H L H H
L L
New freq.
band

H/L H L H

Interference! Ok! Ok!

ERA/LN-97:1958 1997-10-10 Rev PA1
 Channel Plan, contd.

7 channels:
1A 2A 3A 4A 5A 6A 7A

f
28 MHz
(17x2 Mbit/s)

ERA/LN-97:1958 1997-10-10 Rev PA1

 Channel Plan, contd.

11 channels:

f
28 MHz 14 MHz
(17x2 Mbit/s) (8x2 Mbit/s)

ERA/LN-97:1958 1997-10-10 Rev PA1

 Channel Plan, contd.

15 channels:

f
28 MHz 14 MHz 7 MHz
(17x2 Mbit/s) (8x2 Mbit/s) (4x2 Mbit/s)

ERA/LN-97:1958 1997-10-10 Rev PA1

 Output Power

Only high output power:

High output
power High output High output
power power

Interference!

ERA/LN-97:1958 1997-10-10 Rev PA1

 Output Power, contd.

High and low output power:

Low output
power High output Low output
power power

No interference!

ERA/LN-97:1958 1997-10-10 Rev PA1

 Antennas
Standard High Performance

10-15 dB

ERA/LN-97:1958 1997-10-10 Rev PA1

 Antennas, contd.
Real antenna diagram

ERA/LN-97:1958 1997-10-10 Rev PA1

 Antennas, contd.

Standard antenna

Interfered site

High performance
antenna
Ok!
ERA/LN-97:1958 1997-10-10 Rev PA1
 Frequency Planning

Detailed planning of radio link parameters

in order to minimize interference.

ERA/LN-97:1958 1997-10-10 Rev PA1

 Frequency Planning, contd.
Determining factors for the influence of
interference:
The carrier to interference ratio (C/I) at the
input of the interfered receiver
The receiver selectivity, i.e. receiver
bandwidth and the frequency separation
between carrier and interfering signal
The spectrum width of the interfering signal

ERA/LN-97:1958 1997-10-10 Rev PA1

 Frequency Planning, contd.

The influence of interference can be reduced

by increasing C/I and/or the frequency separation.

ERA/LN-97:1958 1997-10-10 Rev PA1

 Frequency Planning, contd.
Frequency planning methods:
Frequency (channel) separation
Transmitter attenuation (at interfering transm.)
Cross polar antenna dscrimination (V/H)
Co polar antenna discrimination (directivity)
Larger antennas (smaller beam width and
higher antenna gain)
High performance antennas (side- and back
lobe attenuation)
Reduced spectrum width (low deviation)
ERA/LN-97:1958 1997-10-10 Rev PA1
 Tools

- RAPS (RAdio Planning System)

PC based Ericsson product

- IQ-Link
UNIX based Comsearch product

ERA/LN-97:1958 1997-10-10 Rev PA1

 MW Frequencies
Scenario 1:
Frequency band and sub-band decided.
Perfect. Early ordering of equipment possible.

Scenario 2:
Frequency band decided, sub-band unknown.
Order without sub-band possible. Sub-band must be
decided a.s.a.p. in order not to delay delivery.
Application to frequency authority must be made.

Scenario 3:
Frequency band unknown.
Critical. Major changes of assumed bands may alter
the network design. Application to frequency authority
must be made.

ERA/LN-97:1958 1997-10-10 Rev PA1

 MW Frequencies, contd.

Based on a true story:

In order to apply for frequencies the equipment

must be installed and tested prior to decision on
frequency allocation.

The frequency of installed

equipment may be denied
if the frequency is already
used by someone else.

ERA/LN-97:1958 1997-10-10 Rev PA1