KLOROPLAS

5 APRIL 2017
MK BIOLOGI SEL
PRODI PEND. BIO FMIPA UM
TRIASTONO IP
 Kloroplas
An organelle found within the cells of green plants and
eukaryotic algae which contains the membranes, photosynthetic
pigments (notably chlorophyll), and enzymes necessary for
photosynthesis.
Kloroplas (bahasa Inggris: Chloroplast) adalah plastid yang
mengandung klorofil.

A chloroplast is lens-shaped and variable in size though typically

about 5 microns long. It has an inner and outer membrane, as
well as a third membrane-bound sac called the thylakoid. Stacks
of thylakoids, known as grana, are where the Light Reactions of
photosynthesis take place. These are the reactions involved in
the absorption of light energy and its conversion to chemical
energy. The cytoplasm of the chloroplast is called the stroma,
and is where the Light Independent Reactions (see carbon
fixation) occur. These are the reactions in which chemical energy
is used to reduce carbon dioxide and form carbohydrates.
 Fotolisis
The part of photosynthesis that occurs in
the granum of a chloroplast where light is
absorbed by chlorophyll, turned into
chemical energy, and used to split apart the
oxygen and hydrogen in water. The oxygen
is released as a byproduct while the
reduced hydrogen acceptor makes its way
to the second stage of photosynthesis, the
Calvin cycle
Model Kloroplas Differences between
chloroplasts in higher plants
and algae

In higher plants, chloroplasts

are usually disk-shaped,
arranged in a single layer in
the cytoplasm, and change
shape and position in the cell
in relation to light intensity. In
algae, chloroplasts are cup-
shaped, spiral stellate, or in
the form of a network, one to
several per cell, often
accompanied by pyrenoids.
Also in algae, grana do not
occur and the thylakoids
traverse the stroma of the
chloroplast as a whole, rougly
parallel to each other.
 Struktur Kloroplas
Bentuk seperti cakram
Pada ganggang, bentuknya seperti
mangkuk, spiral, bintang menyerupai
jaring, seringkali disertai pirenoid
Banyak pd mesofil
Membran luar
Membran dalam
Ruang antar membran
 Struktur Kloroplas
Membran dalam permeabel terhadap
sukrosa, sorbitol, dan macam-macam
anion, karbon dioksida dan asam
monokarboksilat tertentu seperti asam
asetat,asam gliserat, dan asam glikolat
Membran dalam kurang permeabel
terhadap asam amino.
Tilakoid kecil/grana/granum (tempat
reaksi cahaya krn mengandung klorofil)
 Struktur Kloroplas
Tilakoid besar/inter grana tak
berpigmen
Stroma ruang di sela-sela tilakoid
tempat reaksi gelap
Isi stroma: DNA sirkuler, ribosom
(prokariot), asam amino, enzim dsb
Organel semi otonom; sebagian
kebutuhan protein masih diambil dari hasil
sintesis di ribosom bebas
 Warna hijau klorofil
Klorofil tidak efektif mengabsorbsi cahaya
hijau sehingga lebih banyak direfleksikan
(dipantulkan) dan ditransmisikan
(diteruskan). Hal inilah yang menyebabkan
mengapa klorofil tampak berwarna hijau
Fotosintesis produksi energi potensial
 Reaksi Cahaya
Cahaya diserap oleh mol. klorofil untuk dikumpulkan
pada pusat-pusat reaksi.
Tumbuhan memiliki dua jenis pigmen yang berfungsi
aktif sebagai pusat reaksi atau fotosistem yaitu
fotosistem II dan fotosistem I.
Fotosistem II terdiri dari molekul klorofil yang menyerap
cahaya dengan panjang gelombang 680 nanometer,
Fotosistem I terdiri dari molekul klorofil yang menyerap
cahaya dengan panjang gelombang 700 nanometer.
Kedua fotosistem ini akan bekerja secara simultan
dalam fotosintesis, seperti dua baterai dalam senter
yang bekerja saling memperkuat
 Reaksi Cahaya
Cahaya mengionisasi mol. klorofil pada fotosistem II,
Elektron dari klorofil ditransfer sepanjang rantai
transpor elektron.
Energi dari elektron ini digunakan untuk fotofosforilasi
yang menghasilkan ATP
Reaksi ini menyebabkan fotosistem II mengalami defisit
atau kekurangan elektron yang harus segera diganti.
Pada tumbuhan dan alga, kekurangan elektron ini
dipenuhi oleh elektron dari hasil ionisasi air yang
terjadi bersamaan dengan ionisasi klorofil.
Hasil ionisasi air ini adalah elektron dan
oksigen.Oksigen dari proses fotosintesis hanya
dihasilkan dari air, bukan dari karbon dioksida.
 Reaksi Gelap
Berlangsung di dalam stroma.
Reaksi yang membentuk gula dari bahan
dasar CO2 dari udara dan energi yang
diperoleh dari reaksi terang.
Tidak membutuhkan cahaya matahari,
tetapi tidak dapat berlangsung jika belum
terjadi siklus terang karena energi yang
dipakai berasal dari reaksi terang.
 Fotosintesis: Reaksi Gelap
Produk akhir siklus gelap = glukosa
Digunakan tumbuhan untuk aktivitas atau
disimpan sebagai cadangan energi.
Reaksi gelap disebut juga siklus Calvin.
Terdapat kira-kira 0,5 juta kloroplas tiap mili
meter persegi permukaan daun.
Warna daun berasal dari klorofil, pigmen warna
hijau yang terdapat didalam kloroplas.
 Fotosintesis
Karbon dioksida masuk ke daun, dan oksigen
keluar, melalui stomata
Air yang diserap oleh akar dialirkan kedaun
melalui berkas pembuluh (xylem)
Daun juga menggunakan berkas pembuluh
(floem) untuk mengirimkan gula ke akar dan
bagian-bagian dari tumbuhan yang tidak
berfotosintesis
 Reaksi kimia fotosintesis

6CO2 + 12H2O + energi cahaya klorofil

C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H2O

 Tanaman C3
Tanaman C3 adalah tanaman yang mempunyai
lintasan atau siklus PCR (Photosynthetic
Carbon Reduction) atau sering disebut siklus
calvin yang dapatmenghasilkan asam organik
yang mengandung 3 atom C
Jaringan yang terlibat dalam proses fotosintesis
adalah jaringan mesofil.
 Tanaman C4
Tanaman C4 adalah tanaman yang memiliki
lintasan tambahan di samping lintasan C3 yaitu
lintasan PCR yang menghasilkan asam organic
yang mengandung 4 atom C,
 Tanaman CAM
Tanaman CAM : tanaman yang membuka pada
malam hari dan menutup pada siang hari,
memiliki laju fotosintesis yang rendah bila
dibandingkan dengan tanaman C3 dan C4.
(Lakitan, 1995).
Tumbuh di kawasan gurun dan mengambil CO2
di atmosfer dan membentuk sebagian 4 karbon
juga.
 Reproduksi Kloroplas
Kloroplas berasal dari kloroplas yang
sudah ada dan diteruskan ke sel-sel
turunannya selama pembelahan sel
Pada jaringan meristem dan biji, kloroplas
berkembang dari proplastida
Perkembangan Proplastida
 Macam2 PLASTIDA
Chloroplasts green plastids: for photosynthesis
Chromoplasts coloured plastids: for pigment synthesis
and storage
Leucoplasts colourless plastids: for monoterpene
synthesis; leucoplasts sometimes differentiate into more
specialized plastids:
Amyloplasts: for starch storage
Elaioplasts: for storing fat
Proteinoplasts: for storing and modifying protein
 Origin of eukaryotic cells
The set of ideas most favored by biologists to explain how eukaryotic cells first
came about is called the endosymbiotic theory. This theory is able to account
well for the fact that two of the organelles found in eukaryotic cells, mitochondria
and chloroplasts, have their own DNA that is completely distinct from the DNA
housed in the nucleus. According to the endosymbiotic theory, the eukaryotic
cell evolved from a symbiotic community of prokaryotic cells. Specifically, the
mitochondria and the chloroplasts are what remains of ancient symbiotic
oxygen-breathing bacteria and cyanobacteria, respectively, whereas the rest of
the cell seems to be derived from an ancestral archaean prokaryote cell.

The earliest eukaryotic cells The origin of the eukaryotic cell was a milestone in
the evolution of life. Although eukaryotes use the same genetic code and
metabolic processes as prokaryotes, their higher level of organizational
complexity has permitted the development of truly multicellular organisms.
Without eukaryotes, the world would lack mammals, birds, fish, invertebrates,
mushrooms, plants, and complex single-celled organisms.
 Kloroplas
Chloroplasts are a type of plastid and are generally
considered to have originated as endosymbiotic
cyanobacteria (see endosymbiotic theory). The two
lipid bilayer membranes that surround the chloroplasts
of green plants are thought to correspond to the outer
and inner membranes of the ancestral cyanobacterium.

Chloroplasts don't occur in photosynthetic bacteria,

thylakoids lying free in the cytoplasm, many per cell,
varying in arrangement and shape in different forms
vesicular, tubular, lamellate, or irregular.
 Fotolisis
The part of photosynthesis that occurs in
the granum of a chloroplast where light is
absorbed by chlorophyll, turned into
chemical energy, and used to split apart the
oxygen and hydrogen in water. The oxygen
is released as a byproduct while the
reduced hydrogen acceptor makes its way
to the second stage of photosynthesis, the
Calvin cycle
Model Mitokondria
 Mitokondria
Mobile, self-replicating organelles that occur in various numbers,
shapes, and sizes in the cytoplasm of all eukaryotic cells.
Mitochondria contain their own genome that is separate and distinct
from the nuclear genome of a cell. Mitochondria have two
functionally distinct membrane systems separated by a space: the
outer membrane, which surrounds the whole organelle; and the inner
membrane, which is thrown into folds or shelves that project inward.
These inward folds are called cristae. The number and shape of
cristae in mitochondria differ, depending on the tissue and organism
in which they are found, and serve to increase the surface area of the
membrane.

Mitochondria are the site of the citric acid cycle, also known as the
Kreb's cycle, which is a vital metablic pathway for generating energy
in eukaryotic cells.

The origin of mitochondria is explained by the endosymbiotic theory