Ali Karayer

Digital Graphics and

Animation
Key Concepts in Digital Video and Multimedia
 Roles and jobs of a
production crew for digital
video projects

Executive producer: The role of EP is to oversee the

work of the producer on behalf of the studio, the
financiers or the distributors.
Producer ensures the film is completed on time, within
budget, and to agreed artistic and technical
standards.
Director directs making the video, guides technical
crew and actors.
Editor organizes footage and arrange individual shots into
one continues sequence.
Roles and jobs of a production
crew for digital video projects
Script writer writes the scripts for the video , creates
characters and writes the dialogues.
Camera operator records videos and operates the
camera under direction of the video director.
Presenter is video spokesperson or virtual host, is an
online virtual presenter who is superimposed onto
a website and who delivers a direct message to the
website visitors
Audio technician connects microphones,
amplifiers and speakers, and tracks down any
issues with audio signal chains
 Roles and jobs of a production
crew for multimedia projects

Project manager ensures that the team meets its

deadline and stay within budget.
Lead programmer uses programming language to
develop underlying code that enables an application
to run on computer
Writer specializes on content and documentation.
Art directors set the artistic tone of a project, using
visuals to bring concepts to life for websites,
magazines and newspapers, ad campaigns,
television and film, photo shoots and video games.
Roles and jobs of a production
crew for multimedia projects

Editors review the writers work.

Sound engineer is a trained professional who works with
the mechanics of recording, mixing, and reproducing
sound.
Researcher originates or develops programme ideas,
drawing on their knowledge and understanding of
industry requirements, and present their findings to
decision makers. They are also fact checkers and brief
writers who write scripts for on-screen presenters.
Animator creates animation and visual effects for
television, movies, video games, and other media.
They create graphics and animation using computer
programs and illustration ,
Basic concepts
of video filming
It is based on premises that the audience will
Line of gaze:
want to see what the character on-screen is seeing .
pan: Frame moves left to right.
Tilt: Movement of the camera on its vertical axis.
Movement:A camera exists in three-dimensional world and
can move along xyz axis. This means it can move up,
down, left, right as well as forward and backward. So
the director and camera operator communicate.
is the way that objects appear to the eye
Perspective
based on their spatial attributes or dimensions and
positions eye relative to the objects.
 Basic concepts of video
filming

Composition: Visual makeup of a video picture,

including such variables as balance, framing, field of
view, texture -- all aesthetic considerations. Combined
qualities form image that's pleasing to view, and
effectively communicates.
Ratio of image to frame, This is the ratio of width of the
screen to the height. It is usually 4:3 to 16:9 aspect ratios.
4:3 is for tv and 16:9 is widescreen.
Position in frame while the object on the
background cause can cause problems objects
placed in the foreground can lend a hand. This
technique can add depth and character to the
shot.
Basic camera techniques

Zoom: Variance of focal length, bringing subject into and out of closeup
range.
Focus: Selective focus, Rack Focus, Follow up focus are type of focus.
Most cameras have automatic focusing systems.
iris control: Camcorder's diaphragm lens opening or aperture, regulates
amount of light entering camera. Size measured in f-stops.
white balance: A color camera function which determines how much
red, green and blue is required to produce a normal-looking white. Shots
made with improper white balance will have an abnormal color tint.
filters: Transparent material, typically glass accessory, mounted at front
of camcorder lens to regulate light passing through.
 Lighting techniques

Key light: Principal illumination source on a subject or scene,

normally positioned slightly off center and angled to provide
shadow detail.
Back Light :Illumination from behind, creates sense of depth by
separating foreground subject from background area. Applied
erroneously, causes severe silhouetting.

Fill light :Supplementary illumination, usually from a floodlight

positioned midway between camera and subject, which lightens
or eliminates shadows created by key light.

Three-point lighting :Basic lighting approach employing

key, back, and fill lights to illuminate subject with sense of depth
and texture. Strategic placement imitates natural outdoor
lighting environment, avoids flat lighting
Basic video-shot vocabulary

Long shot
Camera view of a subject or scene, usually from a distance, showing a
broad perspective
Medium Shot:
Defines any camera perspective between long shot and closeup,
whereby subjects are viewed from medium distance.

Closeup:
Tightly framed camera shot in which principal subject is viewed at
close range, appearing relatively large and dominant on screen.
Extent of view may be designated "medium closeup" or "extreme
closeup
 VIDEO FORMATS

AVI stands for Audio Video Interlaced. It is one of

the oldest formats. It was created by Microsoft to go
with Windows 3.1 and its Video for Windows
application.
MPEG :Stands for Moving Picture Experts Group. The term is
generally used to name the set of digital video compression
standards and file formats developed by this group. MPEG
uses lossy compression, and achieves a high compression
rate by storing only the changes from one frame to another
(the delta), and not the entire frame.
 VIDEO FORMATS

MOV format, created by Macintosh, is the proprietary format of

the QuickTime application. It can also run on PCs. Being able to
store both video and sound simultaneously, the format was once
superior to AVI. The latest version of QuickTime also has streaming
capabilities for internet video. However, with the new MPEG-2
format, the MOV format started to lose its popularity (Fisher &
Schroeder, 1999), until it was decided that the MPEG-4 is to use
the QuickTime format as the basis of its standards.
MP4 is a digital multimedia container format most
commonly used to store video and audio, but it can
also be used to store other data such as subtitles and
still images. Like most modern container formats, it
allows streaming over the Internet. The only
official filename extension for MPEG-4 Part 14 files
is .mp4. MPEG-4 Part 14 is a standard specified as a
part of MPEG-4.
 Analog and Digital

Analog:
An electrical signal using continuously varying electrical voltages. Analog
video that is copied or edited several generations suffers from generation loss
and is subject to degradation due to noise and distortion. The term analogue
simply means like or similar. Traditional recording media have been analogue
(magnetic recording tape and vinyl records). In analogue, the positive and
negative aspects of a soundwave are converted via a transducer
(microphone), to an A.C voltage.

Digital:
A system whereby a variable analog signal is broken down and encoded
into discrete binary bits of ones and zeros. These numbers represent a
mathematical model of the original signal. When copied, they do not
degrade as an analog signal does. An analog-to-digital (A/D) converter chip
takes samples of the signal at a fixed time interval known as sampling
frequency. This digital stream is can be recorded onto magnetic media.
Upon playback, a digital-to-analog (D/A) converter chip reads the binary
data and reconstructs the original analog signal. Theoretically, this process
should eliminate generation loss since every copy is an exact duplicate of
the original.
codec, drop-frame,
resolution
Codec: a codec is the type of file format that your video will
be saved as. The more compressed the codec, the smaller
your videos size will be. However, smaller file sizes tend to be
lower in quality.

Drop Frame:A type of SMPTE time code designed to exactly match

the real time of common clocks. To accomplish this, two frames of
time code are dropped every minute, on the minute, except every
tenth minute. This corrects for the fact that video frames occur at a
rate of 29.97 per second, rather than an exact 30 frames per second
(see Non-Drop Frame). This time code system is used in television to
insure that broadcast times coincide with real time.
Resolution :resolution is how many pixels your video has. For
example, a 4K video has 4 times the resolution of HD video.
The more detail, the sharper and better defined the picture
Chroma key or Color key

Chroma key is the process of overlaying one video

signal over another by replacing a range of colors with
the second signal. Typically, the first (foreground)
picture is photographed with a person or object
against a special, single-color background (the key-
color). The second picture is inserted in place of the
key-color. The most common example is in broadcast
weather segments where pictures of weather maps
are inserted "behind" the talent.
In simple words, it is method of electronically inserting
an image from one video source into the image of
another through areas designated as its "key color."
 Frame and Fps

Frame: The smallest increment of a complete

television picture, equal to one-thirtieth of a second.
Fps: Frames per second or images passing by. A
typical film format is 24 Fps, meaning that you have 24
images to create a second of film. TV broadcasts are
generally 30 Fps.
 Cutaway and Jump Cut

Cutaway: Shot of other than principal action (but

peripherally related), frequently used as transitional
footage or to avoid a jump cut.
Jump cut: Unnatural, abrupt switch from and to shots
identical in subject but slightly different in screen
location. Awkward progression makes subject appear
to jump from one screen location to another.
Remedied with cutaway. A jarring edit caused by the
choice of shots rather than any technical
imperfection.
Persistence of Vision and
Rule of Thirds

Persistence of Vision: Our eye and brain can hold on to a series of

images long enough to form a single complete picture.
When we look through a narrow slit, we can see only a thin strip
of the world around us. But if we move the slit around rapidly, our
eye and brain combine these thin strips to make a single
complete picture.

Rule of thirds
Composition consideration suggesting that a picture appeals
most with its primary point of interest appearing off-center. With
screen divided into thirds vertically and horizontally, important
elements should be targeted wherever imaginary lines cross
 Resources

http://www.edb.utexas.edu/minliu/multimedia/Digital%20Vi
deo.pdf
http://www.eyeconvideo.com/education/glossary-of-
terms/#w
https://www.exploratorium.edu/snacks/persistence-of-
vision
https://www.videomaker.com/article/c16/8872-jargon-
video-editing-terms
https://www.premiumbeat.com/blog/professional-video-
editing-tips-and-techniques/
http://www.miracletutorials.com/glossaries/
https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-difference-between-
non-linear-editing-and-linear-editing