15SEP10

Hazard Monitoring and Management

MR.C.RAMESHBABU M.E., PH.D., (PURSUING)

SR.GR.ASSIST.PROF.,
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGG
MSEC
UNIT I NATURAL DISASTERS
Cyclones, Floods, Drought and Desertification - Earthquake, Tsunami, Landslides and
Avalanche.
UNIT II MAN MADE DISASTERS
Chemical industrial hazards - major power breakdowns - traffic accidents, Fire, War, Atom
bombs, Nuclear disaster - Forest Fire - Oil fire accident in Mines.

UNIT III GEOSPATIAL TECHNOLOGY

Remote sensing - GIS and GPS applications in real time disaster monitoring - prevention and
rehabilitation - disaster mapping.
UNIT IV RISK ASSESSMENT AND MITIGATION

Hazards, Risks and Vulnerabilities - Disasters in and India Assessment of Disaster

Vulnerability of a location and vulnerable groups - Preparedness and Mitigation measures
for various Disasters Mitigation through capacity building -Preparation of Disaster
Management Plans.

UNIT V DISASTER MANAGEMENT

Legislative responsibilities of disaster management - Disaster management act 2005 - post

disaster recovery & rehabilitation - Relief & Logistics Management - disaster related
infrastructure development - Post Disaster - Emergency Support Functions and their
coordination mechanism.
REFERENCE BOOKS:
1. Khanna B K, All You Wanted To Know About Disasters, New
India Publishing Agency, New Delhi, 2005.
2. Ramana Murthy, Disaster Management, Dominant, New Delhi,
2004.
3. Rajdeep Dasgupta, Disaster Management and Rehabilitation,
Mittal Publishers, New Delhi, 2007.
Earthquake
Awareness
C.RameshBabu M.E., PhD (Pursuing)
Assistant Professor (Senior Grade),
Department of Civil Engineering,
Mepco Schlenk Engineering College,
Sivakasi
 15BS202 ENVIRONMENTAL
SCIENCE AND DISASTER
MANAGEMENT
UNIT IV DISASTER AND ITS IMPACTS

Definition of Disaster, Hazard, Vulnerability,

Risk Types Natural disasters (earthquake,
landslides, flood, cyclones, tsunami and
drought) Manmade disasters (Chemical,
nuclear and biological) Disaster impacts
(environmental, physical, social, ecological and
economical) Case studies.
Where do earthquakes
occur?
You must know this earthquakes take place at
locations where there are mountains. If you want
to know the exact locations, take the relief globe
from your drawing room and run your finger along
the mountain line. You now have the complete
data on where most earthquakes have been
occurring in the world.
 Now, that is not the end of it. Earthquakes can and have been
occurring at other locations too, particularly where there are
not necessarily any major mountain ranges; the 1993
earthquake in Deccan plateau of Marathwada in central
India is a recent example of this from our country. This means
that in India, virtually over 60% of the area is under the threat
of moderate to strong earthquake shaking.
Why do earthquakes
Occur?
There is a large differential pressure and
temperature between the center of the Earth
and its surface; the pressure inside is about 4
million atmospheres and the temperature
about 6000C. So most matter inside the
Earth is in the hot molten form of lava. This
gradient coupled with the presence of
magnetic field of the Earth, generates a
circulation of the Earth's mass - from the
North Pole to the South Pole along the axis and
from South Pole to the North Pole along the
surface.
Of course, the rate of this motion is very small, on an
average of about 2 inches per year in active
earthquake areas.
The journey of the Earth's mass from the South Pole to
the North Pole is what all of us participate in.
Understandably, since the pace of motion is not
uniform across the entire Earth, some parts move
faster than the others do. Consequently, the Earths
surface can be visualised to consist of a number of
pieces, called tectonic plates, which move towards
the North Pole.
Also, the motion of these plates is not a smooth
one but happens in fits and starts, thanks to the
limited strength of the Earth's material to resist
the strains generated by these relative motions.
So, every time a tectonic plate moves more
than its neighbour and slips over it, large
amount of strain energy is suddenly released
and there is a tremor of the Earth, which we call
as an earthquake. The junctions of these plates
are named as faults. Again, many of these
faults lie along the mountains that all of us
observe.
The Journey of the Plates
What Is Seismology?
Seismology is the study of earthquakes and seismic waves that
move through and around the earth. A seismologist is a scientist
who studies earthquakes and seismic waves.
What Are Seismic Waves?
Seismic waves are the waves of energy caused by the sudden
breaking of rock within the earth or an explosion. They are the
energy that travels through the earth and is recorded on
seismographs.
Types of Seismic Waves
There are several different kinds of seismic waves, and they all
move in different ways. The two main types of waves are body
waves and surface waves. Body waves can travel through the
earth's inner layers, but surface waves can only move along the
surface of the planet like ripples on water. Earthquakes radiate
seismic energy as both body and surface waves.
BODY WAVES
Traveling through the interior of the earth, body
waves arrive before the surface waves emitted
by an earthquake. These waves are of a higher
frequency than surface waves.
P WAVES
The first kind of body wave is the P wave or primary
wave. This is the fastest kind of seismic wave, and,
consequently, the first to 'arrive' at a seismic station. The
P wave can move through solid rock and fluids, like
water or the liquid layers of the earth. It pushes and pulls
the rock it moves through just like sound waves push and
pull the air. Have you ever heard a big clap of thunder
and heard the windows rattle at the same time? The
windows rattle because the sound waves were pushing
and pulling on the window glass much like P waves push
and pull on rock. Sometimes animals can hear the P
waves of an earthquake. Dogs, for instance, commonly
begin barking hysterically just before an earthquake 'hits'
(or more specifically, before the surface waves arrive).
Usually people can only feel the bump and rattle of
these waves.
P waves are also known as compressional
waves, because of the pushing and pulling
they do. Subjected to a P wave, particles
move in the same direction that the the wave
is moving in, which is the direction that the
energy is traveling in, and is sometimes
called the 'direction of wave propagation'.
S WAVES
The second type of body wave is the S
wave or secondary wave, which is the second wave
you feel in an earthquake. An S wave is slower than a
P wave and can only move through solid rock, not
through any liquid medium. It is this property of S
waves that led seismologists to conclude that the
Earth's outer core is a liquid. S waves move rock
particles up and down, or side-to-side--perpindicular
to the direction that the wave is traveling in (the
direction of wave propagation).
SURFACE WAVES
Travelling only through the crust, surface waves are of
a lower frequency than body waves, and are easily
distinguished on a seismogram as a result. Though they
arrive after body waves, it is surface waves that are
almost enitrely responsible for the damage and
destruction associated with earthquakes. This damage
and the strength of the surface waves are reduced in
deeper earthquakes.
LOVE WAVES
The first kind of surface wave is called
a Love wave, named after A.E.H. Love, a
British mathematician who worked out the
mathematical model for this kind of wave in
1911. It's the fastest surface wave and
moves the ground from side-to-side.
Confined to the surface of the crust, Love
waves produce entirely horizontal motion.
RAYLEIGH WAVES
The other kind of surface wave is the Rayleigh
wave, named for John William Strutt, Lord
Rayleigh, who mathematically predicted the
existence of this kind of wave in 1885. A Rayleigh
wave rolls along the ground just like a wave rolls
across a lake or an ocean. Because it rolls, it moves
the ground up and down, and side-to-side in the
same direction that the wave is moving. Most of the
shaking felt from an earthquake is due to the
Rayleigh wave, which can be much larger than the
other waves.
Measuring an Earthquake

Earthquakes can be measured in terms of force,

duration, and location.
Many scientific instruments and comparative
scales have been developed to take these
measurements. Seismographs measure all three
parameters.
 The Richter scale describes the force or intensity of an
earthquake.
Naturally, the destruction caused by earthquakes can be
measured in many other ways: numbers of people left injured,
dead, or
homeless, damage and reconstruction costs, government and
business expenditures, insurance costs, school days lost, and
in many more ways.
Himalayan Seismicity
Plate tectonics studies reveal that the
Himalayan mountain ranges were formed
when Indo-Australian plate collided with the
Eurasian plate. The Indian subcontinent,
once part of the supercontinent called
Gondwanaland, which consisted also of
present-day Africa and Antartica, broke
away about 100 million years
ago and crawled northwards across the
Tethys Sea before ramming into Asia.
Himalayan Uplift
April 2015 Nepal
earthquake
The April 2015 Nepal earthquake (also known as
the Gorkha earthquake) killed more than 9,000
people and injured more than 23,000. It occurred
at 11:56 NST on 25 April, with a magnitude of
7.8Mw or 8.1Ms[2] and a maximum Mercalli
intensity of IX (Violent).
Its epicenter was east of the
district of Lamjung, and
its hypocenter was at a depth of
approximately 15 km (9.3 mi). It
was the worst natural disaster to
strike Nepal since the 1934
NepalBihar earthquake.
Indian Seismic Codes

IS 1893 (Part I), 2002, Indian

Standard Criteria for
Earthquake Resistant Design
of Structures (5th Revision)
IS 4326, 1993, Indian Standard
Code of Practice for
Earthquake Resistant Design
and Construction of Buildings
(2nd Revision)
 IS 13827, 1993, Indian Standard Guidelines for Improving
Earthquake Resistance of Earthen Buildings
IS 13828, 1993, Indian Standard Guidelines for Improving
Earthquake Resistance of Low Strength Masonry Buildings
IS 13920, 1993, Indian Standard Code of Practice for Ductile
Detailing of Reinforced Concrete Structures Subjected to
Seismic Forces
IS 13935, 1993, Indian
Standard Guidelines
for Repair and Seismic
Strengthening of
Buildings
Earthquakes: prediction,
forecasting and mitigation
More than 200,000 earthquakes are
recorded each year, though it is
estimated that several million occur
globally. Many of these go undetected
because their magnitude is small or they
occur in areas which are not closely
monitored. Most seismic events
(earthquakes) are very minor, and do not
cause any damage they may not even
be felt by the local population. Others
cause devastation, much of it due to
collapsing buildings.
 Can we predict
earthquakes?
Earthquake forecasting and prediction is an
active topic of geological research.
Geoscientists are able to identify particular
areas of risk and, if there is sufficient information,
to make probabilistic forecasts about the
likelihood of earthquakes happening in a
specified area over a specified period. These
forecasts are based on data gathered through
global seismic monitoring networks, high-density
local monitoring in known risk areas, and
geological field work, as well as from historical
records.
 It is not currently possible to make deterministic predictions of
when and where earthquakes will happen. For this to be
possible, it would be necessary to identify a diagnostic
precursor a characteristic pattern of seismic activity or some
other physical, chemical or biological change, which would
indicate a high probability of an earthquake happening in a
small window of space and time.
 So far, the search for diagnostic
precursors has been unsuccessful.
Most geoscientists do not believe
that there is a realistic prospect of
accurate prediction in the
foreseeable future, and the principal
focus of research is on improving the
forecasting of earthquakes.
Why are earthquakes
difficult to predict?
Most earthquakes result from the sudden release of stress in
the earths crust, which has built up gradually due to tectonic
movement, usually along an existing geological fault. The
crusts response to changing stress is not linear (that is, it is not
directly proportional, making prediction of behaviour more
difficult), and is dependent on the crust's complex and highly
variable geology.
 As a result, it is very difficult to build accurate
simulations which predict tectonic events.
Laboratory experiments which attempt to
reproduce these physical processes can add to our
understanding, but cannot accurately reflect the
complexities of real-world geological settings. A
further difficulty is that earthquakes originate
beneath the ground, often many kilometres down,
so data gathering depends on remote observation
techniques and measuring effects at the surface.
Even measuring the prevailing stress in the crust is
challenging, as it requires drilling several kilometres
into the ground.
Earthquake Awareness for
Individuals and Institutions
Nobody can assure earthquake safety unless
everybody in the community is aware of
earthquake consequences and gets prepared.
Being prepared alone will not work always for
others. Therefore, a massive awareness program
for making prepared individuals from all
communities and different stakeholders is a must.
AWARENESS FOR
COMMUNITY
Vulnerability and Capacity Assessment and First
Aid etc. aim to make aware individuals of the
community on the associated hazards and
vulnerabilities; prepositioning the emergency
supplies;
making response plan; and make capable to
cope with disasters using locally vailable
resources.
 Many squads, containing 6 responders in each,
are prepared so far in different communities, who
have successfully responded for saving lives in the
real disasters. However, considering the national
scenario many thousands of such squads are
required.
Earthquake Vulnerability
Tour
The Earthquake Vulnerability Tour can be initiated
. It is a guided tour in a defined route / location to
observe different vulnerability factors. The tour
aims to point out how vulnerable the city's
buildings and critical facilities, such as schools and
fire stations, are to the earthquakes.
Earthquake Vulnerability
Tour in Kathmandu
 Thistour will help to know the
ground reality of our cities which
may help to reduce the level of
earthquake risk in our cities.
Public Education on
Earthquakes
Post Disaster Assistance
The immediate impact of an earthquake
affects all sectors of the community and
local authorities should initially emphasize
search and rescue of victims. Secondly,
emergency medical assistance must be
provided especially during the first 72 hours.
Third, a damage and needs assessment
survey, should be conducted to inform local
and international agencies of needs.
 Fourth, the survivors will require relief assistance such as food,
water and emergency shelter. Attention
should be given to reopening roads, re-establishing
communications, contacting remote areas and conducting
disaster assessments.
Mitigation
 The golden rule is that there is no standard
solution to mitigate a disaster risk. The goal is
to minimize the impact of disaster. Possible
risk reduction measures Engineered
structures (designed and built) to withstand
ground shaking. Architectural and
engineering inputs put together to improve
building design and construction practice.
Develop earthquake resistant construction
techniques.
 Public awareness, sensitization and training
programmes for Engineers, Architects, Structural
designers, Builders, Masons etc.
Reduce possible damages from secondary effects.
e.g., identify potential landslide sites and restrict
construction in those areas.
In earthquake prone areas insurance should be
obtained for buildings under construction and those
in use.
Insurance policies for natural disasters should be
made compulsory and priced specifically on
available scientific data of hazards in the region.
Solution to Vulnerability
 India and Natural Disasters
India is one of the most disaster prone countries in the world.

Over 65% land area vulnerable to earthquakes;

70% of land under cultivation prone to drought;
5% of land (40 million hectares) to floods;
8% of land (8,000 km coastline) to cyclones.
A Major Disaster occurs every 2-3 years;
50 million people affected annually
1 million houses damaged annually along with human,social and
other losses
During 1985-2003, the annual average damage due to natural
disasters has been estimated at 70 million USD

Source: Ministry of Agriculture, GOI: BMTPC, Ministry of Urban Development, GOI

The Myths

It Cant Happen to Us.

TheNatures forces are so

Deadly the Victims will Die
anyway.

There is Nothing We Can Do.

Definition of Disaster
A Disaster is an event that occurs in most cases
suddenly and unexpectedly, causing severe
disturbances to people, objects and
environment, resulting in loss of life ,property and
health of the population. Such a situation causes
disruption in normal pattern of life, generating
misfortune, helplessness and suffering affecting
the socio-economic structure of a region/country
to such an extent that there is a need for
assistance or immediate outside intervention.
Ingredients of a Disaster
A phenomenon or event which constitutes a
trauma for a population/environment.
A vulnerable point/area that will bear the
brunt of the traumatizing event.
The failure of local & surrounding resources
to cope with the problems created by the
phenomenon.

Types of Disasters
Natural - Manmade
Disasters affecting India
EARTHQUAKE
VOLCANIC ERUPTION
TSUNAMI
CYCLONE
FLOOD
LANDSLIDE
BUSHFIRE
DROUGHT
MAJOR ACCIDENT (FIRE, EXPLOSION)
CIVIL UNREST
GENERAL EFFECTS OF DISASTER
LOSS OF LIFE
INJURY
DAMAGE TO AND DESTRUCTION OF PROPERTY.
DAMAGE TO AND DESTRUCTION OF PRODUCTION.
DISRUPTION OF LIFESTYLE
LOSS OF LIVELIHOOD.
DISRUPTION TO ESSENTIAL SERVICES
DAMAGE TO NATIONAL INFRASTRUCTURE
DISRUPTION TO GOVERNMENTAL SYSTEMS
NATIONAL ECONOMIC LOSS
SOCIOLOGICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL AFTER EFFECT.
 DISASTER MANAGEMENT

AN APPLIED SCIENCE WHICH

SEEKS, BY THE SYSTEMATIC
OBSERVATION AND ANALYSIS OF
DISASTERS, TO IMPROVE
MEASURES RELATING TO
PREVENTION, MITIGATION,
PREPAREDNESS, EMERGENCY
RESPONSE AND RECOVERY.
Disaster Management Cycle
Disaster Management Cycle

Response
Recovery
Prevention &
Mitigation
Preparedness
RESPONSE
Response measures are usually those which are
taken immediately prior to and following disaster
impact.
Typical measures include :
Implementation of plans
Activation of the counter-disaster system
Search and Rescue
Provision of emergency food, shelter, medical assistance etc.
Survey and assessment
Evacuation measures
RECOVERY
Recovery is the process by which communities and the nation are
assisted in returning to their proper level of functioning following a
disaster.

Three main categories of activity are normally regarded as coming

within the recovery segment:

Restoration
Reconstruction
Rehabilitation
PREVENTION & MITIGATION
Prevention : Action within this segment is designed to
impede the occurrence of a disaster event and/or
prevent such an occurrence having harmful effects on
communities or key installations.

Mitigation : Action within this segment usually takes the

form of specific programs intended to reduce the effects
of disaster on a nation or community. For instance, some
countries regard the development and application of
building codes (which can reduce damage and loss in
the event of earthquakes and cyclones) as being in the
category of mitigation.
PREPAREDNESS
Preparedness is usually regarded
as comprising measures which
enable governments,
organizations, communities and
individuals to respond rapidly and
effectively to disaster situations.
PREPAREDNESS (Contd)
Examples of Preparedness measures are :
The formulation & maintenance of valid, up-to-date counter-disaster
plans
Special provisions for emergency action
The provisions of warning systems
Emergency communications
Public education and awareness
Training programs, including exercises and tests.
Principles of Disaster
Management
Risk & Hazard Assessment
Planning
Organization
Resource Utilization
Need for Specialists
Training
RISK AND HAZARD
ASSESSMENT
Disaster risk will be a combination of the likelihood of the
event and the vulnerability of a place to that event.
The hazard assessment will aim to deliver accurate disaster
information about individual locations.
 HAZARD ASSESSMENT
Vulnerability to a particular hazard will include :
Critical products, services, records and operations.
Hazardous materials
Potential effects of damage on stakeholders.
Likely financial costs.
Resources personnel and time available to make
preparations.
Level of insurance cover.

The combination of hazard and vulnerability

assessments will result in formulating total risk
assessment.
Principles of Disaster Management
Planning :

to have a clear and logical approach to dealing with

disasters.
to provide common reference for all departments and
authorities with roles.
to assist with information for sitting-up a multi-
functional organizational structure.
to form a basis for coordinated action.
to provide clear allocation of responsibilities.
to form a basis for reviewing and evaluating current
and future disaster management requirements.
to give a focus for disaster related training.
Principles of Disaster Management
Organisation :
the nature of National Disaster
Management Authority (NDMA)
Utilization of total governmental structures/
resources i.e. National, State & Local level.
Co-ordination of non governmental
resources
Community involvement
Clear lines of Authority and unity of
command
Special system requirements.
 Principles of Disaster Management
Organisation (Contd.) :
Special system requirements.
Emergency Operation Center/Control
Center
Direction & Coordinating Authority
Communications
Warning Systems
Survey & Assessments
Information Management
Emergency Logistics
Principles of Disaster Management
Resource Utilization :
Identification of resources
Assessment of resources with relation to their
capability & availability
Allocation of appropriate tasks
Level of skill in handling allotted tasks and
experience
Activation time for deployment/availability
Co-ordination with line authorities of resource
organizations
Coalition of accurate information for effective
deployment of resources.
AGENCIES

Governmental (Including Military

both at National & State Level).
Non Governmental Organizations.
Community groups both social &
religious.
International Volunteer organisation.
Principles of Disaster Management

Need for Specialists :

Search & Rescue
Survey & Damage Assessment
First Aid & Triage
Mobile Medical & Health Team
Evacuation
Animal Husbandry/Veterinary
Principles of Disaster Management
Need for Specialists (Contd):
Emergency Welfare
Emergency Shelter
Emergency Logistics
Staff for EOC (Emergency Operating Center)
Information Management including public
information needs.
Specialists from field of disaster studies and
research (Geologists, Meteorologists, etc.)
Principles of Disaster Management

Training :
Identification of Training needs.
Scope of Training programmes.
Training policy.
Implementation of training.
Principles of Disaster Management
Training (Contd.):

Design of training should be compatible to

support tasks required to be performed after
a Disaster at three levels.
Foundational Training
Team Training
Combined Organizational Training.
 National Disaster Management Framework
Ministry of Home Affairs - GoI

To make Disaster Management an integral part of National

Development Agenda
To promote Awareness and Education in Disaster Management
To promote Human Resource Development in Disaster Management
(master plan for training and capacity building)
To develop Institutional Frameworks at the National and State levels
for mainstreaming disaster management
To establish multi-hazard preparedness, mitigation and prevention
plans at all levels
To enhance capacities at all levels for multi-hazard preparedness and
response
Thank
you