MEKANIKA

KEKUATAN MATERIAL
BASICS OF STRESS AND STRAIN
OBJECTIVES

• To review some of the important principles of statics and show how they are used to
determine the internal resultant loadings in a body.
• To introduce normal and shear stress
• To discuss specific applications of the analysis and design of members subjected to an
axial load or direct shear.
• To define quantities of strain.
WHAT IS MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

• Mechanics of materials is a branch of mechanics that studies the internal effects of

stress and strain in a solid body that is subjected to an external loading.
• Stress is associated with the strength of the material from which the body is made, while
strain is a measure of the deformation of the body. In addition to this, mechanics of
materials includes the study of the body’s stability when a body such as a column is
subjected to compressive loading.
EXTERNAL LOADS.

1. Surface Forces. Surface forces are caused by the direct contact of one
body with the surface of another. In all cases these forces are
distribute over the area of contact between the bodies. If this area is
small in comparison with the total surface area of the body, then the
surface force can be idealized as a single concentrated force, which is
applied to a point on the body.
If the surface loading is applied along a narrow strip of area, the loading
can be idealized as a linear distributed load, w(s). Here the loading is
measured as having an intensity of force/length along the strip and is
represented graphically by a series of arrows along the line s. The
resultant force of w(s) is equivalent to the area under the
distributed loading curve, and this resultant acts through the
centroid C or geometric center of this area.
EXTERNAL LOADS.

2. Body Forces. A body force is developed when one body

exerts a force on another body without direct physical
contact between the bodies.Examples include the effects
caused by the earth’s gravitation or its electromagnetic
field.Although body forces affect each of the particles
composing the body, these forces are normally
represented by a single concentrated force acting on the
body. In the case of gravitation, this force is called the
weight of the body and acts through the body’s center of
gravity.
SUPPORT REACTIONS.
• The surface forces that develop at the supports or points of contact between bodies are
called reactions. As a general rule, if the support prevents translation in a given direction,
then a force must be developed on the member in that direction. Likewise, if rotation is
prevented, a couple moment must be exerted on the member.
EQUATIONS OF EQUILIBRIUM

• Equilibrium of a body requires both a balance of forces, to prevent the body from
translating or having accelerated motion along a straight or curved path, and a balance
of moments, to prevent the body from rotating. These conditions can be expressed
mathematically by two vector equations

Σ F represents the sum of all the forces acting on the body

Σ M is the sum of the moments of all the forces about any
point O either on or off the body.
EQUATIONS OF EQUILIBRIUM

• Normal force, N. This force acts perpendicular to the area. It is developed whenever the
external loads tend to push or pull on the two segments of the body.
• Shear force, V. The shear force lies in the plane of the area and it is developed when the
external loads tend to cause the two segments of the body to slide over one another.
• Torsional moment or torque, T. This effect is developed when the external loads tend to twist
one segment of the body with respect to the other about an axis perpendicular to the area.
• Bending moment, M. The bending moment is caused by the external loads that tend to bend
the body about an axis lying within the plane of the area.
STRESS

• Normal Stress. The intensity of the force acting normal to a plane is defined as the
normal stress, σ (sigma).
• If the normal force or stress “pulls” on as shown in Fig. 1–10a, it is referred to as tensile
stress, whereas if it “pushes” on it is called compressive stress.
STRESS

• Shear Stress. The intensity of force acting tangent to a plane is called the shear stress, τ
(tau).
• Normal stress can be calculated by :
𝑃
𝜎=
𝐴
𝑉
And Shear stress : 𝜏 =
𝐴

Unit ?
ALLOWABLE STRESS

• To properly design a structural member or mechanical element it is necessary to restrict

the stress in the material to a level that will be safe. To ensure this safety, it is therefore
necessary to choose an allowable stress that restricts the applied load to one that is less
than the load the member can fully support. There are many reasons such as load,
measurement, vibrations, corrosions, materials that show high variability in mechanical
properties.
• One method of specifying the allowable load for a member is to use a number called the
factor of safety.The factor of safety (F.S.)
DEFORMATION

• Whenever a force is applied to a body, it will tend to change the body’s shape and size.
These changes are referred to as deformation, and they may be either highly visible or
practically unnoticeable.
STRAIN

• Normal Strain. If we define the normal strain as the change in length of a line per unit length.
∆𝑙
𝜀=
𝑙
• Shear Strain. Deformations not only cause line segments to elongate or contract, but they also cause them to
change direction.
PROBLEMS

• A steel bolt, 2.50 cm in diameter,

cames a tensile load of 40 kN.
Estimate the average tensile stress
at the section a and at the
screwed section b, where the
diameter at the root of the thread
is 2.10 cm.
PROBLEMS

• A steel bar of cross section

500 mm2 is acted upon by
the forces shown in Fig. 1-
9(a). Determine the total
elongation of the bar. For
steel, consider E = 200 GPa.
PROBLEMS

F1–13. Rods AC and BC are used to

suspend the 200-kg mass. If each rod
is made of a material for which the
average normal stress can not
exceed 150 MPa, determine the
minimum required diameter of each
rod to the nearest mm.
PROBLEMS

1–1. Determine the resultant internal

normal force acting on the cross
section through point A in each column.
In (a), segment BC weighs 180 lb/ft and
segment CD weighs 250 lb/ft. In (b), the
column has a mass of 200 kg/m.
PROBLEMS

• 1–44. A 175-lb woman stands on a vinyl

floor wearing stiletto high-heel shoes. If
the heel has the dimensions shown,
determine the average normal stress she
exerts on the floor and compare it with
the average normal stress developed when
a man having the same weight is wearing
flat-heeled shoes. Assume the load is
applied slowly, so that dynamic effects can
be ignored. Also, assume the entire weight
is supported only by the heel of one shoe.
PROBLEMS

• 1–55. Rods AB and BC each have

a diameter of 5 mm. If the load of
P = 2 kN is applied to the ring,
determine the average normal
stress in each rod if u = 60°
PROBLEMS

• *1–48. The beam is supported

by a pin at A and a short link BC.
If P = 15 kN, determine the
average shear stress developed
in the pins at A, B, and C. All pins
are in double shear as shown,
and each has a diameter of 18
mm.
PROBLEMS

1–75. The joint is fastened

together using two bolts.
Determine the required
diameter of the bolts if the
failure shear stress for the
bolts is τfail = 350 MPa. Use a
factor of safety for shear of
F.S. = 2.5.
PROBLEMS

*1–60. If P = 20 kN, determine the

average shear stress developed in the pins
at A and C.The pins are subjected to
double shear as shown, and each has a
diameter of 18 mm.
PROBLEMS

1–85. The boom is supported

by the winch cable that has a
diameter of 0.25 in. and an
allowable normal stress of
σallow = 24 ksi. Determine the
greatest load that can be
supported without causing the
cable to fail when 𝜃 = 30°and
∅ = 45°. Neglect the size of the
winch.