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Dr.Gurunadh Velidi
Upes,Dehradun
Introduction
• Turbomachinery is classified as all those
devices in which energy is transferred either
to or from a continuously flowing fluid by the
dynamic action of one or more moving blade
rows.
• The word Turbo or Turbinis is of Latin origin
and implies that spins or whirls around
essentially a rotating blade row.
The thermodynamic Variations
• Two main categories of turbo-machine are identified:
• Firstly, those which absorb power to increase the fluid
pressure or head (fans, compressors and pumps);
• Secondly, those that produce power by expanding fluid to
a lower pressure or head (hydraulic, steam and gas
turbines).
Incompressible Compressible
Fluid Fluid
Power Generating Hydraulic Turbines Steam/Gas/wind
Machines Turbines
Power Consuming Pumps Fan/blowers/
Machines Compressors
Fluid Dynamics of A Turbo-machine
A Turbo-machine
Multi Stage Hybrid Compressor
Static & Stagnation Scalars
AXIAL COMPRESSOR EXPLODED VIEW
7
HOW BLADES ARE ATTACHED
8
Classification : Flow Path
• In Turbomachinery, power is added to or
removed from the fluid by the rotating
components.
• These rotating components exert forces on
the fluid that changes both the energy and the
tangential momentum of the fluid
• Euler's Equation relate the changes in energy
to the changes in tangential momentum
• Consider the adiabatic flow of a fluid along
the CV. The fluid in a stream tube enters a
control volume at radius , with Tangential
Velocity
• The exit at
Axial Flow Compressor Analysis
• It finds its major application in large gas turbine
engines like those that power today's jet aircraft.
• The compressor is made up of two major
assemblies: the rotor with its blades, and the
casing with its stationary blades (called stators).
• This chapter investigates the relationships of the
desired performance parameters to the related
blade loading and resultant fluid flow angles.
a) rotor with blades, b) case with stators, and
Stage Efficiency:
The stage efficiency of an adiabatic compressor is defined as the ratio of the ideal work per
unit mass to the actual work per unit mass between the same total pressures.
In the general case, it is desirable to have the degree of reaction in the vicinity of
0.5 because the rotor and stator rows then will "share the burden" of increasing
the enthalpy of the flow.
Cascade airfoil nomenclature and loss coefficient.
The airfoil angles of both the rotor and the stator can be calculated from the
flow angles, given the incidence angle and solidity for each. To obtain the exit
airfoil angle.
Losses in cascade airfoils are normally quantified in terms of the drop in
total pressure divided by the dynamic pressure of the incoming flow.
This ratio is called the total pressure loss coefficient and is defined as
The ratio of the stage work to rotor speed squared is called the stage loading
coefficient and is defined as
For a calorically perfect gas, the stage loading coefficient can be written as
Modem axial-flow compressors used for aircraft gas turbine engines have stage
loading coefficients in the range of 0.3-0.35 at the mean radius
The ratio of the axial velocity to the rotor speed is called the flow coefficient
and is defined as
The flow coefficients for modem axial-flow compressors of aircraft gas turbine
engines are in the range of 0.45-0.55 at the mean radius.
When the stage efficiency and polytropic efficiency are unknown, the stage
pressure ratio can be determined by using loss coefficients based on cascade
data and other losses.
The total pressure for a compressor stage can be written in terms of loss coefficients
of the rotor and stator ,
Noting that the total pressure loss of the rotor is based on the relative velocity, we
write
Design Process