AHMET YÜCEL ODABAŞI

INTRODUCTION TO NAVAL
ARCHITECTURE
MARINE ENGINEERING

Mustafa İnsel
Şebnem Helvacıoğlu

2011-2012 Autumn
 MISSION DEFFINITION
AND
MISSION ANALYSIS FOR SHIP
DESIGN
WHICH SUBJECT WILL YOU STUDY DURING 4 YEARS?
I. TERM : Introduction to naval architecture
II. TERM : Technical drawing, Statics
III. TERM : Dynamics, Ship geometry, Material science, Strength of materials I
IV. TERM : Fluid mechanics, Strength of materials II, Manufacturing Methods,
Ship construction,
V. TERM : Marine engines I, Ship theory, Shipping economics, Ship hydrodynamics,
VI. TERM : Strength of ships, Marine auxilary machinery, Ship Design, Electrical systems
in ships , Methods of ship production,/Elements of machinery
VII. TERM : Project I, Ship motions and maneuvering,
Yacht & Leisure design/Advanced propulsion systems/Ventilation & Air Condition systems for ships
Structural design of ships/computer aided ship design & construction/Marine engines II/Automatic control of
ships
Mechanics of marine structures/Engine room design principles/Marine piping systems/Marine powerplant
operation

VIII. TERM : Project II, Shipyard Organization ,

Corrosion & Fouling in marine environement/Reliability of ship structures/Refrigeration systems for ships,
Warship design/Hydrodynamic design of ships/Int Maritime Rel. & Safety at sea/Stability theory of
ships/Marine power plants Op II
 WHY DO WE STUDY ALL THESE SUBJECTS?
INTRODUCTION
TO NAVAL
ARCHITECTURE

MATERIALS CHEMISTRY
SHIP
CONSTRUCTION
PHISICS
SHIP TECHNICAL
CONSTRUCTION DRAWINGS
MANUFACTURIN
CHEMISTRY
G METHODS
SHIP GEOMETRY

STRUCTURAL
PHISICS
DESIGN
SHIP PHISICS
STRUCTURE
STRUCTURE

OPTIMISATION MATHS MATHS

 WHY DO WE STUDY ALL THESE SUBJECTS?
SHIP
FORM
GEOMETRY

RESISTANCE

FLUID PHISICS
MECHANICS

MATHS
FORM
OPTIMISATION

PROPULSION TECHNICAL
PROPELLER
DRAWING

FLUID FLUID
MECHANICS MECHANICS

OPTIMISATION MATHS
HISTORY OF MODERN SHIPPING
HISTORY OF MODERN SHIPPING
 Naval Architecture
Naval architecture is an engineering discipline dealing with the design,
construction, maintenance and operation of marine vessels and structures.
Naval architecture involves basic and applied research, design, development,
design evaluation and calculations during all stages of the life of a marine
vehicle. Preliminary design of the vessel, its detailed design, construction,
trials, operation and maintenance, launching and dry-docking are the main
activities involved.
Ship design calculations are also required for ships being modified (by means
of conversion, rebuilding, modernization, or repair).
Naval architecture also involves formulation of safety regulations and damage
control rules and the approval and certification of ship designs to meet
statutory and non-statutory requirements
Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_architecture)
 NAVAL ARCHITECTURE
Naval architecture is a facinating and demanding
discipline.
• It is fascinating because of the variety of
floating structures and the many compromises
necessary to achieve the most effective
product.
• It is demanding because a ship is a very large
capital investment and
• because of the need to protect the people on
board and the marine environment.-
 SHIP TYPES DUE TO FUNCTION
There are variety of forms. This variation is due to
different demands and the conditions under which
they operate.
• Fishing boats raging from the small local boats
operating by day, to the ocean going ships with
facilities to deep freeze their catches.
• There are vessels to harvest the other riches of
the deep - for exploitation of energy sources,
gas and oil, and extraction of minerals.
• There are oil tankers, ranging from small
coastal vessels to giant supertankers.
 SHIP TYPES DUE TO FUNCTION
• Other huge ships carry bulk cargoes such as
grain, coal or ore.
• There are ferries for carrying passengers
between ports which may be only a few
kilometres or a hundred apart.
• There are the tugs for shepherding ships in port
or for trans-ocean towing.
• Then there are the dredgers, lighters and pilot
boats without which the port could not function.
• In a naval port, there will be warships from
huge aircraft carriers through cruisers and
destroyers to frigates, patrol boats, mine
countermeasure vessels and submarines.
SHIP TYPES DUE TO HULL FORMS
• The majority of ships are single hull and rely upon
their displacement to support their weight.
• In some applications multiple hulls are preferred
because they provide large deck areas without
excessive length.
• In other cases higher speeds may be achieved by
using dynamic forces to support part of the weight
when under way. Planing craft, surface effect ships
and hydrofoil craft are examples.
 SHIP TYPES DUE TO HULL FORMS
• Air cushion craft enable shallow water to be
negotiated and provide an amphibious
capability.
• Some craft will be combinations of these
specialist forms.
The variety is not limited to appearance and
function
 MATERIALS

The variety is not limited to appearance and

function. Different materials are used –
• steel,
• wood,
• aluminium
• Composites of various types (GRP, FRP
etc).
 PROPULSION SYSTEM
The propulsion system used to drive the craft
through the water may be
• the wind,
• but for most large craft is some form of
mechanical propulsion.
 POWER GENERATION

The driving power may be generated by

• diesels,
• steam turbine,
• gas turbine,
• some form of fuel cell or
• a combination of these.
 POWER TRANSMITION TYPE

The power will be transmitted to the propulsion

device through
• mechanical or hydraulic gearing or
• by using electric generators and motors as
intermediaries.
 PROPULSOR TYPE

The propulsor itself will usually be some form of

• propeller,
• perhaps ducted,
• but may be water or
• air jet.
 SYSTEMS

There will be many other systems on board -

means of
• manoeuvring the ship,
• electric power generation,
• hydraulic power for winches and other cargo
handling systems.
 FACILITIES IN A PASSENGER SHIP
A ship can be a passenger ship whit several
thousand people on board and remaining at sea for
several weeks. It needs
• electrics,
• air conditioning,
• sewage treatment plant,
• galleys, bakeries,
• shops,
• restaurants,
• cinemas,
• dance halls,
• concert halls and
• Swimming pools.
SHIP TYPES DUE TO HULL FORMS

All these, and the general layout must be

Arranged so that the ship can carry out its
intended tasks efficiently and economically.
 NAVAL ARCHITECTURE
The naval architect has not only the problems of
the building and town designer but a ship must
• float,
• move,
• be capable of surviving in a very rough
environment and
• withstand a reasonable level of accident.
 NAVAL ARCHITECTURE
It is the naval architect who 'orchestrates' the
design, calling upon the expertise of many other
professions in achieving the best compromise
between many, often conflicting, requirements.
 NAVAL ARCHITECTURE
The profesion of a naval architecture is a blend of
science and art :
• Science is called upon to make surethe ship
goes at the
• intended speed
• stable,
• Strong enough to withstand the harsh
environment
 NAVAL ARCHITECTURE
The art is in getting a judicious blend of the many factors involved so as to
produce a product that is not only aesthetically pleasing but is able to carry out
its function with maximum effectiveness, efficiency and economy.
Naval architecture is a demanding profession
 WHY DO WE NEED TO DESIGN AND PRODUCE
NEW SHIPS?
Ships are industrial structures. They are designed and produced to
fullfill some duties
Why is it needed to design and produce new ships?
To renew the old ships or the ships that complited economical life
with produced with old tecnologies,
To make the fleet bigger or capital more with renewign ships,
To have bigger market share by having new trading lines and any
other cargo type,
To open new markets according to new economical conditions,
To use sources at open seas and make industrial activities,
To support commercial and industrial ships,
To fullfill defence demand of the country.
 MISSION DEFFINITION AND
MISSION ANALYSIS FOR SHIP DESIGN

Ships can be divided to 4 categories according their

duties:
1. Conventional ships: Mainly carries cargo and
passengers.
2. Industrial ships: Usually aims to examines and make
use of sources in sea.
3. Service ships: Supports conventional and industrial
ships as well as to make safety of life and goods at.
4. Navy ships: They are armed ships and used to keep
piece of the nation.
 Ticaret Gemileri Endüstriyel Gemiler Servis Gemileri Savaş Gemileri
●Genel yük gemileri ● Tarak gemileri  Romorkörler  Avcı botları
(General cargo ship) (Dredger) (Tugs) (Patrol boat)
●Konteyner gemileri ● Sondaj gemileri  Dalış destek gemileri  Hücüm botları
(Container ship) (Drill ship) (Diving suppont ships) (Fast attack boat)
●Ham petrol tankerleri ● Incinirator gemileri  Yangın gemileri  Firkateynler
(Crude oil carrier) (Incinerator ship) (Fire – fighters) (Frigate)
●OBO taşıyıcı gemiler ● Balıkçı fabrika gemileri  Pilot botları  Destroyerler
(Cevher/Dökme/Petrol) (Fish factory trawler) (Pilot boats) (Destroyer)
(Oil/Bulk/Oil) ● Araştırma gemileri  Mürettebat taşıma  Denizaltılar
●Feriler (Research vessel)
gemileri (Submarine)
(Ferry) ● Balıkçılık
●Roll-on Roll-off gemiler (Fishing)
(Crew Tenders)  Mayın gemileri
 Temin edici gemiler (Mine counter measures
(Ro-Ro) ● Oseonografik
●Yolcu gemileri (Supply boats) or mine hunter)
(Oceanograpic)
(Passenger ship) ● Hidrografik  Deniz ambulansları  Çıkarma gemileri
●LNG/LPG tankerleri (Hydrographic) (Sea ambulance) (Landing craft)
(LPG/LNG tanker) ● Sismik  Kaçakçı takip botları  Çıkarma destek
●Yük şatları (barge) ve (Sysmic) (Drug interdiction patrol gemileri
entegre şat-itici sistemler boats) (Landing support ships)
(Integrated tug-barge  Denizde yağ toplama Akaryakıt destek
system) gemileri gemileri
● Kimyasal tankerler (Oil skimmer) (Naval oiler ship)
(Chemical tankers) Cephane destek
gemileri
(Naval Supply ships)
 Özel harekat botları
(Special operation boats)
 MISSION ANALYSIS
BASE OF DUTY ANALYSIS:
1. Requirements of customer/ship owner
2. Restrictions. These two are analysed according to technical and
economical factors.
There are two main group of factors to design a conventional ship:
A - Economical facts:
● Structure of the fleetand number of ships that are planned to
design,
● Aimed route and tonnage,
● Aimed speed,
● Characteristics of cargo and capacity definitions,
● Alternatives for cargo handling, looading and unloading
● Examining and choosign propulsion systems,
● Decide the automation level of engine room,
● Use of the ship with other aimes and type of cargo,
● Investment and capital cost amount,
● Forecasting of freight and changes of it,
● Finance agreement conditions.
 MISSION ANALYSIS

B - Constraints:

> Phisical conditions of ports and canals

> Loading and unloading systems and their capasities, speed and heights,
> Dock dimensions,
> Tide conditions of ports,
> Seakeeping conditions and sea conditions.
> Loyds rules to be applied,
> Porth autority rules,
Inrenational rules and conditions:
- Tonnage and freeboard,
- Stability standards,
- Requirements for damage stability and floaded length,
- Noise and vibration requirements,
- Preventing sea polutions,
- Regulations of dangerous goods,
- Communication at sea,
- Rules of crew and passenger living areas.
SEVERAL SHIP TYPES
Figure : Bulk Carrier
Figure : 18000 DWT capacity bulk carrier.
Figure : Crude oil tanker.
Figure : Crude oil tanker.
Figure : Oil Product tanker.
Figure : LNG (liqufied natural gas) tanker.
Figure : Container ship.
Figure : High speed containership.
Figure : Zehra Kıran container ship.
Figure : Tanker built in Turkey
Figure : Ro-Ro ship.
Figure : Barge carrying ship.
Figure : General cargo ship.
Figure : The RMS Queen Mary 2 passenger ship
 Şekil 9

Figure : M/S Freedom of the Seas passenger ship

Figure : Passenger ship.
Figure : SWATH – Small Waterplane Area Twin Hull ship .
Figure : PGM 71 type gunboat
Figure : Planing patrol boat
Figure : Surface effect ship (SES)
Figure : 50 passenger capacity 35 knot hover craft
Figure : USS John C. Stenis CVN-74 aircraft carrier and Typhoon submarine
Figure : Tug.
Figure : Ice class tug
Figure : Barge tug.
Figure : Barge tug train in river.
Figure : 143 m. Long drilling ship. Drill tower 61.5 m high
Figure : Discoverer Enterprise drilling ship
Figure : Petrobras-08 offshore platform
Figure : Offshore supply vessel.
Figure : Offsore supply vessel
Figure : Catamaran research vessel
Figure : Sismic reseach vessel.
Figure : High speed planing boat.
Figure : A sailing yacht
Figure : Zehra Kıran navigation bridge
Figure : 18000 DWT’ capacity bulk carrier.
Figure 39: 3000 TEU capacity containership generl arrangement plan .
Figure : 3000 TEU capacity containership midship section .
Figure : Contrallable pitch propeller
Figure : Main propulsion drive: Main engine, gearbox, shaft/bearings, propeller.