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DESIGN LOADS & CONDITIONS

 Dead Loads:
 Weight of the platform structure in air incl:weight of piles, grout, & ballast
 Weight of appurtenant structures permanently mounted on the platform
 Hydrostatic forces acting on the structure below the water line incl: external
pressure &bouyancy
 Functional loads:
 Operating Loads: Fluid, contents in piping and equipment
 Live Loads: the loads imposed during its use and may change during a
mode of operation: static or dynamic functional loads arising form personnel,
helicopter, maintenance loads, etc.
 Environmental Loads: arise from the action of wave, currents and
winds on the structure
 Seismic loads: arise as result of the ground motion
 Accidental Loads: arise as result of accident or abuse or exceptional
conditions: boat impact, dropped objects, etc
 Consctructions Loads: resulting from fabrication, load out,
transportation & installation
 Dynamic Loads: loads imposed due to response to an excitation of a
cyclic nature as wave, wind, earthquake, etc.
LOADING CONDITIONS
 The environmental conditions combined with appropriate dead
and live loads
 Operational (Normal) Condition:
 1-year return period environmental loads
 Allowable stresses max 1.0
 Storm Condition
 100-year return period environmental loads
 Allowable stresses: increased by 1/3
 Seismic Condition
 Consider the effects of all gravity loads in combinations with
simulatanous and collinear of loads due to ground motion
 Allowable stresses: increased by 70%
 Accidental Loads
 Consider the effects of collision loads and due to dropped
obejcts
 Allowable stresses: increased by 1/3
 For local design of elements, a dynamic load factor of 2.0 shall
be used
DESIGN CODES
 API RP 2A WSD OR LRFD
 Recommended Practice Planning, designing and
Constructing of Fixed Offshore Platform
 AISC
 Manual of Steel Construction, Allowable Stress
Design
 AWS D1.1
 Structural Welding Code
 API RP 2L
 Recommended Practice Planning, Designing and
Construction Heliport for Fixed Offshore Platform
DESIGN LOADS – WAVE & CURRENT LOADS

 Represented by their static equivalent using


Morisson’s equation
 For deep water: requires a load analysis involving the
dynamic action of the structure
 For global structure: ignored lift forces, slam forces,
and axial Froude-Krylov forces
 If D/L >0.2, use diffraction theory
 Total base shear and overturning moment are
calculated for global structure forces
 Local member stresses: due to local hydrodynamic
forces (incl. slam, lift, Froude-Krylov, buoyancy) and
loads transferred due to global fluid-dynamic force and
dynamic response of the structure
PROCEDURE FOR CALCULATION OF WAVE PLUS
CURRENT FORCES
WAVE THEORY
WAVE DIRECTION

1 2

B
WAVE PARAMETER
 Wave Kinematic factor:
 Consider wave directional spreading or irregularity in wave
profile shape
 Tropical storm: 0.85 – 0.95
 Extra tropical storm: 0.95 – 1.0
 Current Blockage Factor:
 Reducing current speed due to the presence of the structure
 Marine Growth: Increased in cross sectional area
 Drag and Inertia Coefficient, depend on:
 Reynold Number : R = Um D/ν
 K-C number : K = 2 Um T2/D
 Roughness : e = k/D
 Current/Wave velcity : r = V1/Vmo
 Member Orientation
CURRENT BLOCKAGE FACTOR

# of
legs Heading factor
3 All 0.90
End-on 0.80
4 Diagonal 0.85
Broadside 0.80
End-on 0.75
6 Diagonal 0.85
Broadside 0.80
End-on 0.70
8 Diagonal 0.85
Broadside 0.80
CONDUCTOR SHIELDING FACTOR

 Depending upon the configuation of the


structure and the number of conductor
 To be applied to the drag and inertia
coefficient for conductor array
 Appropriate for:
 Steady current with negligible waves
 Extreme waves with Umo Tapp/S > 5π
DIAGRAM CONDUCTOR SHIELDING
FACTOR

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