Columns

Review Short Columns (Axial load + Moment )

Usually moment is represented by axial load times eccentricity, i.e.
 Behavior under Combined Bending and Axial Loads
Interaction Diagram Between Axial Load and Moment ( Failure Envelope )

Concrete crushes before

steel yields

Steel yields before concrete

crushes

Note: Any combination of P and M outside the envelope will cause failure.
Define Sway & non- sway frame
Stability index

Q
 P u o

Vu lc
Q  0.05  Non - sway (braced)
Q  0.05  Sway(unbraced)
The ACI Procedure for Classifying Short and Slender Column
lu = unsupported length of member, defined in ACI Code
10.11.3 as clear distance between floor slabs, beams, or other
members capable of providing lateral support, as shown

r = radius of gyration associated with axis about which

bending is occurring. For rectangular cross sections r =
0.30 h, and for circular sections, r = 0.25 h as specified by
ACI Code 10.11.2.
 M1/M2 = Ratio of moments at two column ends,
where M2 > M1 (-1 to 1 range)

M1 M1
0 0
M2 M2

singular curvature double curvature

K –Factor = effective length factor
Slenderness Ratio for columns in frames
K –Factor calculatoin
  EI / l of columns
c

 EI / l of beams
c

I  0.35 I g for Beam

I  0.7 I g for Column
I  0.7 I g for Uncrac ked wall
I  0.35 I g for Cracked wall
For a Braced Frame:(Non-sway)
k  0.70  0.05   A   B   1.0
k  smaller of  k  0.7  0.05  A   B   1.0
 kk00.85
.85 00.05
.05 min 11.0
min  .0
 For a Sway Frame:
a) Restrained at both ends

 20 
20   m20  m
  
if  mm   avg
if  
avg  2.0 : k  
2.0 : k  k m 1 11m  m
 20 20 20 m

m 
if 
if  2.0  0.9
2.0 :: kk  0.9 1 
1  m k  0.9 1   m
m m

b) One hinged end

k  2.0  0.3 

Non-sway frames: 0  k  1.0

Sway frames: 1.0  k    typically k=1.5
 Example 1
The frame shown in Figure is consisting of members with rectangular
cross sections, made of the same strength concrete. Considering buckling
in the plane of the figure, categorize column FE as long or short if the
frame is:
Nonsway
Sway
270KN.m

400KN.m
 Example 2
Design reinforcement for a 400 mm x 500 mm tied column. The
column, which is part of a braced frame, has an unsupported length
of 3.0 m. It is subjected to a factored axial load of 2400 kN in
addition to a factored bending moment as shown.
f c  30Mpa f y  420 Mpa
500KN.m

250KN.m
  1.71ksi

 0.71ksi

f c  30Mpa f y  420Mpa

 Pn M n 1000
Pu 2400
and  
Note to use the last Instruction diagrams (English units) divide Ag Ag A400
g h 500 
By 7.0
Long Columns
Moment Magnification in Non-sway Frames
If the slenderness effects need to be considered. The
non-sway magnification factor, dns, will cause an increase
in the magnitude of the design moment.

M max  d ns M 2  d ns M 2, min
where

Cm
d ns   1.0
Pu
1
0.75 Pcr
Moment Magnification in Non-sway
Frames
The components of the equation for an Euler bucking
load for pin-end column
 2 EI
Pc 
 klu 
2

and the stiffness, EI is taken as

0.2 Ec I g  Es I se 0.4 Ec I g
EI   EI 
1  d conservatively 1  d

Max. factored Sustain Load

d 
Max. factored Axial Load
 Moment Magnification in Non-sway
Frames
A coefficient factor relating the actual moment diagram
to the equivalent uniform moment diagram. For
members without transverse loads
 M1 
Cm  0.6  0.4    0.4
 M2 
For other conditions, such as members with transverse
loads between supports, Cm = 1.0
Moment Magnification in Non-sway
Frames
The minimum allowable value of M2 is
In mm

M 2, min  Pu 15.0  0.03 h 

The sway frame uses a similar technique, see the text on

the components.
 Example 1
Design a 7.0 m-tall column that carries a service dead load of 500 kN,
and a service live load of 400 kN, shown in Figure below

140KN.m

80KN.m
Moment Magnification in sway Frames

M 1max  M 1ns  d s M 1s
M 2 max  M 2 ns  d s M 2 s

1
ds   1.0 and  2.5 for stability
1  P u

0.75  P cr
Example 2
1.2 D +1.6 L
1.2 D +1.0 L+1.6W
0.9 D +1.3 W
case  1
1.2 D  1.6 L
wu  136 KN
M u  847 KN .m case  2
x  0 1.2 D  1.0 L  1.6W
wu  112 KN
M u  818KN .m case  3
 x  17.5mm 0.9 D  1.3W
wu  54 KN
M u  434 KN .m
 x  14.1mm
 Lu=500-30=470cm

Hinged end
 1.2 60
d   0.52
1.2 60  1.640

Ec  4775 28  25267 Mpa

0.4 25267 300600

3
EI   3.6 10 N .mm2
13

12 1 0.52

 2 3.61013
Pcr  1570.7 kN
3.2  4700 1000
2

1
ds   1.91
2 * 560
1
0.75 2 *1570.7 
Case (1): 1.2 D +1.6 L

M max  847 kN.m

Pu  680 kN

Case (2): 1.2 D + 1.0 L +1.6 W

M max  M ns  d s M s
698  (1.91)120  927.2kN.m
Pu  560 kN

Case (3) : 0.9 D + 1.3 W

M max  434kN.m
Pu  270kN
 60  2 4  2 1  2.0
  0.80
60

Case 1

 Pn Pu 560 1000
   3.11Mpa  0.44ksi
Ag Ag 300 600

 Mn 927.2 10 
6
Mu
   8.6Mpa  1.22ksi
Ag h Ag h 300 600600
  0.07
AS  0.07 * 300 * 600  12600mm2  126cm 2
Case 2
 Pn Pu 680 1000
   3.78Mpa  0.54ksi
Ag Ag 300 600

 Mn 847 10
6
Mu
   7.84Mpa  1.12ksi
Ag h Ag h 300 600600
  0.08
Re design