Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Fundamentals of
Naval Science
Magnetic Compass
Objectives:
1. Describe the purpose and operation of
the magnetic compass.
2. Discuss magnetic theory and application.
• V = 8 West
o
Top
• M = 125 + 8 = 133 Conning
Officer
• D = 2.5 East
o
• C = 133 + (- 2.5)
• Ans = 130.5 pstgc
o
Review Questions
1. Describe how the navigator determines
the variation for his area of operation?
2. State how to convert from True
bearing to compass bearings?
3. What is magnetic compass error and
how is it determined?
4. Why does a magnetic compass point north?
NS100
Fundamentals of
Naval Science
Gyro Compass
Objectives:
1. Discuss gyrocompass theory and
shipboard application.
2. Describe the differences and relationships
of true bearings, relative bearings and
“per gyro compass” (PGC) bearings.
3. Discuss and describe gyro error and the
methods used to determine gyro error.
4. Demonstrate how to determine and correct
for gyro error.
Gyro Compass Theory
Mechanics - A spinning wheel which is held
by two gimbals (Electronically Stabilized)
270 T 090 T
270 R
180 T
000 R
180 R
090 R
True
North
3. Passive system.
4. All-weather operation.
Components of GPS
1. Satellites - A constellation of 24 satellites
orbit the earth at very high altitude (10,900
NM) in six orbital planes - each satellite
completing two revolutions per day.
- HAWAII
- KWAJALEIN
- ASCENSION ISLAND
- DIEGO GARCIA
- COLORADO SPRINGS
GPS CONTROL STATIONS
5 MONITOR STATIONS
-Passively track satellites in view
4 seconds 6 seconds
X
GPS Operation
- Each satellite has an atomic clock for time
accuracy (to the nearest nanosecond),
however, receiving units do not.
- The error in the receiving clocks,
therefore, gives an error in position
accuracy.
A B
4 seconds 6 seconds
XX
5 seconds 7 seconds
(wrong time) (wrong time)
GPS Operation
- Using a third satellite corrects for this
error. Taking 3 LOP’s and assuming an
equal error for each, the error can be
calculated and an exact position obtained.
X
9 seconds
(wrong time)
XX 7 seconds
5 seconds
(wrong time)
(wrong time)
C
GPS Services
• Standard Positioning Service (SPS): a
positioning service which is available to all
GPS users on continuous, worldwide basis.
• Precise Positioning Service (PPS): a
service developed primarily for military use
which is more accurate and “Protected.”
Figure of Merit (FOM or FG)
• Modern technology cannot eliminate all
sources of error to GPS, so receivers use a
“figure of merit” for a general indication of
fix accuracy.
• FOM1 (FG1) is the most accurate and
FOM9 (FG9) is the least accurate. A FOM5
or greater cannot be used for a fix.
System Error
The primary sources of error that are difficult to
eliminate are:
1. Ionospheric and atmospheric delays
2. Small deviations with the atomic clocks
3. Math errors with receiving units.
4. Satellite signals taking a “circuitous” path to
the receivers
5. Geometry between the receiver and satellites.
Selective Availability and Anti-spoofing
3. NGFS
4. All-weather missions
5. Coordinated operations
6. Passive rendezvous
Navy Utilization of GPS
7. Search & Rescue
2. Air navigation
4. Land navigation
5. Maritime navigation
Differential
Reference
Station
Control Broadcast
Center Transmitter
Integrity
Data Monitor DGPS
Communications User Equipment
DGPS
• Benefits: DGPS accuracy and integrity are
better then GPS (w/in 10 meters or better).
• Drawbacks: DGPS requires additional
receiver equipment and coverage area is
limited.