Professional Documents
Culture Documents
RTEC 244
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Dr. Gustave
Bucky
CROSSHATCH GRID
Grid Selection
Patient Dose Indications for Grid Use
Exam
Detail required • Part thickness > 10 cm
Part thickness • kVp > 60
Desired technique • EXCEPTIONS?
(kVp)
Equipment availability
& cassette 5
If placed BACWARDS
CAN CAUSE GRID ERRORS
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What are some factors that increase
scatter radiation?
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Grids “clean up” scatter radiation
A high quality
grid can attenuate
80 –90 % of scatter radiation
3 factors contribute to an
increase in scatter
Increased kVp
Increased x-ray field size
Increased patient
thickness
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Ideally, only those x-rays that do not interact
with the patient should reach the IR….
However, scatter radiation is a factor
that must be managed
Proper collimation has the PRIMARY effect
of reducing patient dose by _________ ?
Proper collimation also improved
image contrast by reducing
radiographic noise or fog caused by
scatter
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Grids
Allow primary
radiation to reach the
image receptor (IR)
Absorb most scattered
radiation
Primary disadvantage
of grid use
Grid lines on film
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CASSETTES W/ GRID CAPS
STATIONARY GRIDS
Stationary grids
Grids that can be
attached to a
cassette for use
or a specially
designed
Grid cassettes
Height of lead strips 14
divided by thickness
GRID RATI0
The distance between lead strips may remain
constant so the thickness of the grid must increase
as grid ratios increase. It is possible to appreciate
the smaller angle of deflection of the x-ray photon
that will pass through the 16:1 ratio grid.
Thus, high ratio grids usually "clean-up the beam,"
removing scatter radiation more effectively than
low ratio grids.
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Grid Ratio
Higher grid ratio
More efficient in
removing scatter
Typical grid ratio
range is 5:1 to 16:1
16
GR = 6:1
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Grid Frequency
The number of lead
strips per inch or cm
Frequency range
60-200 lines/in
25-80 lines/cm
Typically higher
frequency grids have
thinner lead strips
Air-Gap Technique
Or Air filtration
Increase OID by 10 to 15 cm
This reduces the amount of scatter reaching the
IR because some scatter will miss the IR.
It is about the same as using an 8:1 grid
mAs is increased 10% for every cm of air gap
Increases magnification and reduction in detail.
Has some selective uses with chest imaging and
cerebral angiography
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Air-Gap Technique
An alternative to grid use
10” air gap has similar
clean-up of 15:1 grid
Problems:
Increased OID =
increase in blur AIR GAP.
Drawing illustrates the tube, object,
Must increase SID grid and film relationship in
conventional radiography and the use
Motion due to lack of of an air gap to decrease the effect of
contact to IR scatter radiation. Note that an increase
in the FFD tends to decrease the
magnification of the image on the film.
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Grid Patterns
Criss-cross or cross-hatched
Linear
Parallel
Focused
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Linear Grid
Lead strips run the length of cassette
Allows primary beam to be angled along the
long axis of grid without obtaining “cut-off”
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Focused
Linear Grids
Lead strips are angled
to match divergence
of beam
Primary beam will align
with interspace material
Scatter absorbed by lead
strips
Convergence line
Narrow positioning latitude
Improper centering results in
peripheral cut-off
Only useful at preset SID
distance
Higher ratio grids require
careful alignment with tube
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Reciprocating
Motor drives grid back and forth during
exposure
Oscillating
Electromagnet pulls grid to one side
Releases it during exposure
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CHANGES IN MAS
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Give It a Try!
Original: 20mAs with an 8:1 grid
Find new mAs with a 12:1 grid
mAs2 = 20 mAs x 5
4
mAs2 = 100
4
mAs2 = 25
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Selectivity or ability to “clean up”
the heavier the grid the more Pb it contains
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Grid Errors
Proper alignment
between x-ray tube
and grid
Very important
Improper alignment
will result in cut-off
Off-level
Off-center
Off-focus
Upside-down
Moire effect
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Grid Problems
Increased OID, especially with moving
grids
The biggest problem with grids is
misalignment
GRID PROBLEMS
RESULT IN:
UNDEREXPOSED IMAGE
OR UNDEREXPOSED
EDGES OF IMAGE
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Grid Problems –
Off Level
GRIDS
CAN
LEAVE
LINES
ON THE
IMAGE
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CR GRIDS
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Moire Effect
Reference detector f-theta Cylindrical mirror
lens
Beam splitter
Light channeling guide
Laser
Source Output Signal
Beam deflector
ADC
PMT
Laser beam:
Amplifier
Scan direction To image
processor
Plate translation:
Sub-scan direction