Protection Application Fault calculations

Handbook
© ABB Group - 1 -
24-Jan-18
 Fault calculations
Electric Power Systems

Production Transmission Distribution Consumption

M
G
© ABB Group - 2 -

Generation Transmission Distribution Load

24-Jan-18
 Fault calculations
Lightning
stroke
Relay time 0,02 seconds
UR

US Breaker time 0,06 seconds

Voltage interruption 0,5 seconds

UT

IR

IS
© ABB Group - 3 -

IT
24-Jan-18
 Fault calculations
Need for fault calculations

 Choice of suitable transmission system configuration

 Load and short circuit ratings for high voltage equipment
 Breaking capacity of CBs
 Application and design of control & protection equipment
 Service conditions of the system
 Investigation of unsatisfactory performances of the
equipment
© ABB Group - 4 -
24-Jan-18
 Fault calculations
Types of faults
 Short circuited faults
 Three phase faults
 Open circuited faults
 Simultaneous faults
 Open circuit faults
 Single phase open circuit
 Two phase open circuit
 Three phase open circuit
 Simultaneous faults
© ABB Group - 5 -
24-Jan-18
 Fault calculations
Short-circuit Test of a Power Transformer

- U + In
k
© ABB Group - 6 -
24-Jan-18
 Fault calculations
Three-winding Transformer
-U +
k
In

In
-U +
k

+ Uk -

In
© ABB Group - 7 -
24-Jan-18
 Fault calculations
Equivalent Y of a Three-winding Transformer

Z M

Z H
Z L
© ABB Group - 8 -
24-Jan-18
 Fault calculations
Zero-sequence Representation of Transformers

Zero sequence

Y D

Y D

Y Y

Y Y
© ABB Group - 9 -
24-Jan-18
 Fault calculations
Typical Values

Voltage Level Reactance

kV %
10 4
20 5
130 10
400 15
© ABB Group - 10 -
24-Jan-18
 Fault calculations
Representation of a Synchronous Machine

Xd I
+ +
Ef U
-
-
© ABB Group - 11 -
24-Jan-18
 Fault calculations
Fault Current from a Synchronous Machine

Fault current phase R

10 0 10 0

-10 0 -10 0

0 0. 05 0. 1 0. 15 1. 35 1. 4 1. 45 1. 5

10 0 Fault current phase S 10 0

-10 0 -10 0

0 0. 05 0. 1 0. 15 1. 35 1. 4 1. 45 1. 5

10 0 10 0
Fault current phase T

-10 0 -10 0

0 0. 05 0. 1 0. 15 1. 35 1. 4 1. 45 1. 5
© ABB Group - 12 -
24-Jan-18
 Fault calculations
Typical Values

Type Xd Xd´´
Hydro Generator 1.0 0.15
Steam Generator 2.0 0.25
© ABB Group - 13 -
24-Jan-18
 Fault calculations
Double-circuit Transmission Line

A B

A1 Z ,Z B1
1 0

Z
m0
A2 Z ,Z B2
1 0
© ABB Group - 14 -
24-Jan-18
 Fault calculations
Representation of a Double-circuit Line

A B
Z -Z
A1 0 m0
Z
m0

A2

Z -Z
0 m0
© ABB Group - 15 -
24-Jan-18
 Fault calculations
Symmetrical Components

 Introduced by Fortescue in 1916

 Developed in a book by Wagner and Evans
 Very efficient for hand-calculations
 Forms the base for computer programs
© ABB Group - 16 -
24-Jan-18
 Fault calculations
Unsymmetrical Voltages

Va = Ua sin (wt)

Vb = Ub sin (wt + a1)

Vc = Uc sin (wt + a2)

© ABB Group - 17 -
24-Jan-18
 Fault calculations
Phasor Representation

Va = Ua = Ua/_0°

Vb = Ub (cos a1 + j sin a1) = Ub/_a1

Vc = Uc (cos a2 + j sin a2) = Uc/_a2

© ABB Group - 18 -
24-Jan-18
 Fault calculations
Transformation to Symmetrical Components

V0 = 1/3 (Va + Vb + Vc) (Zero sequence)

V1 = 1/3 (Va + aVb + a2Vc) (Positive sequence)

V2 = 1/3 (Va + a2Vb + aVc) (Negative sequence)

© ABB Group - 19 -
24-Jan-18
 Fault calculations
Transformation to Phasor Representation

Va = (V0 + V1 + V2)

Vb = (V0 + a2V1 + aV2)

Vc = (V0 + aV1 + a2V2)

© ABB Group - 20 -
24-Jan-18
 Fault calculations
Sequence Networks

Z 1 Z2 Z 0

E
© ABB Group - 21 -
24-Jan-18
 Fault calculations
Resistive Phase-to-earth Fault

c
b
a
R f
© ABB Group - 22 -
24-Jan-18
 Fault calculations
Sequence Network for Single Phase-to-earth
Fault
Z1

Z2 3R f

Z0
© ABB Group - 23 -
24-Jan-18
 Fault calculations
Phase-to-phase-to-earth Fault

c
b
a
R f R f

R j
© ABB Group - 24 -
24-Jan-18
 Fault calculations
Sequence Network for Phase-to-phase-to-earth
Fault

R R R +3R
f f f j

Z1 Z2 Z0

E
© ABB Group - 25 -
24-Jan-18
 Fault calculations
A Faulted Power System

B C

A
Ph - Ea
© ABB Group - 26 -
24-Jan-18
 Fault calculations
Sequence Network for the Faulty System

-
E
+

0
© ABB Group - 27 -
24-Jan-18
 Fault calculations
Balanced fault calculations
© ABB Group - 28 -
24-Jan-18
 Fault calculations
Equivalent circuit
© ABB Group - 29 -
24-Jan-18
 Fault calculations
Unbalanced fault calculation
© ABB Group - 30 -
24-Jan-18
 Fault calculations
Sequence Network
© ABB Group - 31 -
24-Jan-18
 Fault calculations
Phase currents on 16kV side
© ABB Group - 32 -
24-Jan-18
 Fault calculations
Phase currents on 16kV side
© ABB Group - 33 -
24-Jan-18
© ABB Group - 34 -
24-Jan-18
Fault calculations