STRUCTURES – III

Earthquake Behavior of Buildings

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 What is an EARTHQUAKE ?
An earthquake is ground shaking caused by a sudden
movement of rock in the earth’s crust. Such
movements occur along faults, which are thin zones of
crushed rock separating blocks of crust. When one
block suddenly slips and moves relative to the other
along a fault, the energy released creates vibrations
called seismic waves that radiate up through the crust
to the earth’s surface, causing the ground to shake.

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 Terminology
Fault or fault plane = the
surface where when two
blocks of the earth suddenly
slip past one another
Hypocenter = the location
below the earth surface
where the earthquake starts
Epicenter = the location on
the surface of the earth
directly above the hypocenter
A fault = is a fracture in rock which involves
the movement or displacement of rock.
A joint = is a fracture in rock without
movement.
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 Types of EARTHQUAKES
Collapse earthquake
Explosion
Volcanic
Natural – convergent,
divergent, transform

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 Causes of EARTHQUAKE
Causes are due to :
– Compression stresses ( found in P
wave and travel fastest)
– Tensional stresses (found in S
wave and cause the earth to
vibrate perpendicularly to the
direction of their motion.

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Earthquake Resistant Buildings
• Remedial Measures
• Building planning
• Masonry Buildings
• Staircase
• Foundation
• Beams and Column Joints
• Construction Technique
• Bracing
• Dampers
• Isolation
• Shear walls

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 Earthquake-Resistant Buildings
• Dynamic actions are caused on buildings by both wind and
earthquakes. But, design for wind forces and for earthquake
effects are distinctly different.
• The stresses in the building due to seismic actions undergo
many complete reversals and over the small duration of
earthquake.

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 BASIC ASPECTS OF SEISMIC DESIGN
The traditional earthquake-resistant design philosophy requires that
normal buildings should be able to resist-
a) Minor (and frequent) shaking with no damage to structural and non-
structural elements
b) Moderate shaking with minor damage to structural elements, and
some damage to non-structural elements;
c) Severe (and infrequent) shaking with damage to structural elements,
but with NO collapse (to save life and property inside/adjoining the
building)

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Design Strategy
• Basic strategy of earthquake design: Calculate maximum
elastic forces and reduce by a factor to obtain design forces.
• The design for only a fraction of the elastic level of seismic
forces is possible, only if the building can stably withstand
large displacement demand through structural damage
without collapse and undue loss of strength. This property is
called ductility.

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 Characteristics of Buildings
• Seismic Structural Configuration- Seismic structural
configuration entails three main aspects, namely
(a) Geometry, shape and size of the building,
(b) Location and size of structural elements, e.g., moment
resisting frames and structural walls
(c) Location and size of significant non-structural elements. e.g.,
façade glass

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 Basic forms of seismic structural
configuration
•Buildings can be placed in
two categories, namely simple
and complex.

• Buildings with rectangular

plans and straight elevation
stand the best chance of doing
well during an earthquake,
because inertia forces are
transferred without having to
bend due to the geometry of
the building

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Seismic Design Force
• Design of earthquake effects is not for earthquake-proof
design. Instead, the earthquake demand is estimated only
based on concepts of probability of exceeding, and the design
of earthquake effects is termed as earthquake-resistant
design against the probable value of the demand.
• As per the Indian Seismic Code IS:1893 (Part 1) - 2007,
Design Base Shear VB is given by:
Where, Z is the Seismic Zone Factor
I the Importance Factor
R the Response Reduction Factor
Sa /g the Design Acceleration Spectrum Value
W is the seismic weight of the building
Ah is acceleration spectrum value
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T is the fundamental translational natural period of the building in the considered
direction of shaking

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 Sketch of Seismic Zone Map of
India: sketch based on the seismic
zone of India map given
in IS:1893 (Part 1) - 2007

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 Response Reduction Factor R of buildings as per IS:1893
(Part 1) - 2007

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W-The proportion of live load to be considered is given by
IS:1893 (Part 1) as per Table 2.4; live load need not be
considered on the roofs of buildings in the calculation of design
earthquake force.

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 Natural Period
• Natural Period Tn ( in seconds) of a building is the time taken
by it to undergo one complete cycle of oscillation. It is an
inherent property of a building controlled by its mass m and
stiffness k. These three quantities are related by

Natural periods (Tn) of 1 to 20 storey normal reinforced concrete

and steel buildings are in the range of 0.05 - 2.00s.

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• Effect of Mass- Natural
periods of buildings increase
with increase in mass.
• Effect of Column Orientation-
Buildings tend to oscillate in
the directions in which they
are most flexible and have
larger translational natural
periods.
• Effect of Building Height-
Taller buildings have larger
fundamental translational
natural periods.
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• Effect of RC Frames- Natural periods of buildings
depend on amount and extent of spatial distribution of
unreinforced masonry infill walls.
• Effect of Damping

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Overall Geometry
• Plan Shape

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• Plan Aspect Ratio In-plane flexural bending of floor slabs
affects the distribution of mobilized
lateral inertia force to different lateral
force resisting members

• Slenderness Ratio
Effect of Slenderness Ratio: Large
bending moment demand on first
storey beams in buildings with
large slenderness ratio
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 • Structural Systems and Components
Common structural systems employed in buildings:
(a) Moment frames,
(b) Moment frames with structural walls, and
(c) Braced moment frames. Walls and braces shown are shown only
along one direction in plan; but designers can choose to provide them
along both directions.

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d) Tube System

Tube in bundle tube

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