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Fundamentals of

Urban and Regional


Planning

Piter Biswas
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Introduction to Planning Discipline
Urban – An urban area is characterized by higher population
density and vast human features in comparison to areas
surrounding it. Urban areas may be cities, towns or conurbations,
but the term is not commonly extended to rural settlements such as
villages and hamlets.

As per Census of India 2001:


a) All statutory places with a municipality, corporation, cantonment
board or notified town area committee, etc.
b) A place satisfying the following three criteria:
i) a minimum population of 5,000;
ii) at least 75% of male working population engaged in non-
agricultural pursuits; and
iii) a density of population of at least 400 persons per sq. km.
 City – Towns with population of 100,000 and above.
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Introduction to Planning Discipline

Region
On the basis of the elemental factor of space, a region is a
geographic or areal unit with certain limits and bounds. The unit
may consist of a few villages or a number of countries. A region
may, therefore, be thought of as an areal or spatial organization
of varying dimensions.
Any portion of earth’s surface where physical conditions are
homogeneous can be considered as a Region in geographic
sense, ranging from a single feature region to compage,
depending on the criteria used for delineation.
In practice a prefix is added to highlight the attributes on which
the region has been defined, for example, agriculture region,
resource region, city region, planning region,

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Introduction to Planning Discipline
All the daily activities of human beings are carried out on
land. Proper organization of these activities i.e. planning
will help the human being in leading a richer and fuller life
in liveable surroundings or environment.

"Planning" means the scientific, aesthetic, and orderly


disposition of land, resources, facilities and services with
a view to securing the physical, economic and social
efficiency, health and well-being of urban and rural
communities.

Planning – a continuous, time-oriented and cyclic


process of identification and achievement of goals

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Introduction to Planning Discipline

Cyclic Process of Planning: a process that includes-


a) Identification of goals and objectives,
b) Assessment of problems, potential and priorities,
c) Preparation of alternative conceptual plans and their
evaluation to select most appropriate concept,
d) Preparation of plan based on related concept and its
approval,
e) Implementation,
f) Feedback and
g) Review of the Plan

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Introduction to Planning Discipline

Town Planner – A person professionally qualified by


education and experience and membership of Institute of
Town Planners, India (ITPI) to pursue the profession of
urban and regional planning .

Fields of Planning: i)) Urban; ii) Regional; iii)


Environmental; iv) Transport and v) Infrastructure

Urban Planning – is a technique and method of


development that contributes to the organization,
development and evolution of urban areas and their
urbanising environs, based on economic, social, legal
and aesthetic concepts and conditions in order to
promote the welfare of public and quality of
environment.
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Introduction to Planning Discipline
Regional Planning - It is a specific type of planning,
based on a specific planning structure (regional system),
for inducing public action aimed at societal well being. It
implies that regional planning is concerned fundamentally
with the society in the context of space.

Environmental Planning - Environmental planning is a


tool for environmental protection and sustainable
development of any area from environmental point of
view.

Transport Planning - The process of analysis of travel


demand in a city or region having regard to socio-
economic, land-use, and other factors and formulation of
policies, programmes, plans and projects for its efficient
management. 8
Introduction to Planning Discipline

Infrastructure – The basic components of a human


settlement that make it functional and improve its quality
of life and include network of water supply, sewerage,
drainage, electricity, communication, transportation and
facilities and services.
 Facility – in urban planning a premises where health-care,
educational, socio-cultural and recreational activities take place.

 Services - include transportation by rail, road, air, waterways,


telecommunication, police protection, fire fighting, postal etc.

 Utilities – basic public services like water supply, sewerage,


drainage and electricity supply.

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Definitions and Bases of Planning

Town and Country Planning - to channelize various


types of forces such as physical, social, economic and
administrative in a planned manner to create the total
environment, which is healthy, efficient and satisfying for
working, living, recreation and other activities of human
being.

Objective – to provide healthy environment and


conveniences to the people of the area by physical
arrangement of land-use pattern and structure.

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Definitions and Bases of Planning
Social and economic aims town planning

 Socially successful planning tends to make people’s


life happier, because it results in physical environment
which is conducive to health; facilitates social
interaction and gives visual attractiveness

 It increases wealth, by efficiently arranging


communication routes to carry out human activities in
a more efficient and less wasteful manner through
proper spatial arrangement

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Definitions and Bases of Planning

Characteristics of successful Town Planning:

 Promotion of accessibility
 Employment of resources as economically as possible
 Separation of incompatible land uses from each other
and association of compatible or mutually helpful
uses.
 Carrying out of all developments in a visually pleasant
and practical manner

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Urban Planning Basics

Goal of Planning - to guide the development of a city


or town so that it furthers the welfare of its current and
future residents by creating convenient, equitable,
healthful, efficient and attractive environments.

Three key aspects of Urban/City Planning:


a) physical environment
b) social environment
c) economic environment

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Urban Planning Basics
a) Physical environment - A city's physical environment includes
its location, its climate and its proximity to sources of food and
water.
b) Social environment - The social environment includes the
groups to which a city's residents belong, the neighborhoods in
which they live, the organization of its workplaces. One of the
biggest issues in most cities is the inequitable distribution of
resources.
c) Economic environment - Primary employers, such as
manufacturing as well as research and development companies,
retail businesses, universities, federal labs, local government,
cultural institutions, and departments of tourism all play strong
roles in a city's economy.
Planners work with local authorities to make sure residents are not
excluded from the benefits of urbanization as a result of physical, social or
economic barriers.
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Urban Planning Basics
All the daily activities of human beings are carried out on land.

 Land is the basic platform of all human activities

 Proper organization of these activities i.e. planning will help the


human being in leading a richer and fuller life in liveable
surroundings or environment.

 Land is scare resource. Developed urban land is more scarce.


With the increasing urban population the use of land should be very
judicious and optimum; hence, it is important to use the land in
sound principles of urban planning.

 A comprehensive understanding of the process through which


land uses get allocated in a city at a particular point of time and
change over a period of time (not rigid but flexible) is necessary

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Land Use Planning

Land-use - an activity performed on a parcel of land,


expressed by category, through colour or black/white
hatch pattern.

Land-use planning is basically concerned with location


and amount of various land use areas such as residential,
commercial, religious, cultural and other activities
engaged in by the residents of a city in conduct of their
life.

It takes into consideration the economic, social and


environmental conditions while selecting and adopting
best option for future land use and structure to built upon
land.

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Land Use Planning

 Land-use planning aims to make the best use of land


resources by:
assessing present and future needs and matching it
with supply;
identifying and resolving conflicts between competing
uses, between the needs of individuals and those of
the community, and between the needs of the present
generation and those of future generations;
seeking sustainable options that best meet identified
needs and bring about desired changes;

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Land Use Planning

 General Principles

 Location Requirements - Indentify three major functional


areas in the urban complex –
i) the work areas,
ii) the living areas and
iii) the leisure-time areas;
and distributing them in space as per their locational attributes.

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Land Use Planning

 General Principles

Space Requirements – is a basis for assessing land


requirement to accommodate growth in urban areas in the
next 20 years. It consists of three major steps:

i. study of existing land use pattern;


ii. derivation of space standards e.g. density standards
population in residential areas and works in industrial and
business areas;
iii. space requirement for facilities such as school, hospital ,
parks and play grounds and others .

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Urban Land Use Planning
Land use planning should aim at integrated and
comprehensive planning
 Integrated development of residence, work and recreation
areas
Geddesian Triangle
Folk (organism)

Work Place
(Function) (Environment)

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Urban Land Use Planning

 Comprehensive Planning

 It is not merely a physical activity but of multidisciplinary


nature covering economic and social aspects
 Integration of old with the new

Petric Geddes – the founder of modern town and regional


planning. The theoretical ideas of Petric Geddes have influenced
much subsequent planning practice, regional economic
development and environmental management . In particular his
focus on the triad ‘Place-Work-Folk’ is fundamental to land use
planning

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Definitions
Accessibility – Available means of communication i.e. roads,
rail etc.
Base map – map serving as the foundation for subsequent
planning showing all physical features and existing land-
use/built-up area of the area/city .
Density of Population – population divided by the areas
occupied by houses
Gross density – population divided by the area layout including
roads and open spaces.
Net density – population divided by the plots, excluding roads
and open spaces.

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Definitions
Recreation areas – an area designated for recreational
activities – open spaces, play grounds, parks, botanical
gardens, golf course etc.
Water bodies – River, lakes, ponds, nallah (open drain)
Ring road – a circular road on all side of the proposed
development/settlement
Bye pass – a road designed to carry heavy vehicular traffic to
operate without entering the built up area of the city.
O D Survey – Origin and Destination survey conducted to count
vehicles coming from and going to another area/city.
Nazul land – the land vested with the government

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Definitions
Khasra map – official map of a village record indicating
boundaries of all properties, dimensions, property numbers,
ownership, and identify of property and its details.
Residential land-use – the land category in a development or
layout plan devoted to residential activity which may be further
sub-divided into zones/clusters by nature (e.g. Primary
residential, mixed residential, informal residential), intensity
(e.g. high, medium or law density), type (plotted or flatted),
ownership (individual or group housing).
Commercial, Industrial, Institutional, Public-semi-public
(utilities/services), Transportation
Topo-sheet – map prepared by Survey of India for entire
country, indicating every details, e.g. road, rail, forest, river,
canal, built-up area etc.
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Definitions
Catchment area or drainage basin - area drained by a
stream /river or other body of water (the area and population
from which a facility or region attracts visitors or customers)

Urban Agglomeration (UA) – the out growths of urban areas


have also been incorporated in larger urban areas and are
designated as ‘urban agglomeration’ which comprise:
a) An urban area with continuous urban outgrowth which is outside
the statutory urban limits but falling within the boundaries of the
adjoining village or villages;
b) Two or more adjoining urban areas with their outgrowths, so as
to form a continuous urban spread;
c) Two or more adjoining areas without outgrowths, but which form
a continuous urban spread.

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Thank You

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