RM2 0

A Great Workforce A Great Workplace
Risk Management 2.0
Colleen Low
Principal Specialist (Occupational Hygiene)
OSH Specialist Dept
Occupational Safety and Health Division
© 2014 Government of Singapore 1
Presentation Outline
• Rationale for RM2.0
• Update on contents of WSH Courses
• Three Approaches to RM 2.0
- Effective On-Site RM Implementation
- Upstream Risk Control Measures
- Holistic RM
• Changes in 2nd Revision of RM ACOP

WSH Framework
• Introduced in 2005
• 3 key principles:
1. Reduce risks at source
2. Greater industry ownership
3. Higher penalties for poor safety management
Risk Management
as a cornerstone

Workplace Fatality Rates, 2004-2014
WSH Reform

What is Risk Management?
Step 1: Hazard Identification

risk assessment
risk management
Step 2: Likelihood Step 3: Consequences
Step 4: Risk Characterization
Step 5: Risk Control
Step 6: Documentation & Communication

Risk Management Strategies
Vision
Vision Zero
Strategic Outcome
Effective risk assessment & risk control at workplace
4
1 2 3 5
Legislation
Promoting Building Engaging Compliance
&
RM capability stakeholders assistance
enforcement
Strategies
WSH (Risk Management) Regulations

WEF 1st Sep 06
Intent of the regulation
• To change mindsets to make those in charge take responsibility for
managing their own safety outcomes, not rely on Government to
prescribe standards
• Regulations require every workplace, the employer, self-employed

person and principal covered by the Act to assess risk to safety and health
of any persons who may be affected by the undertaking.
• Risk Assessment (RA) is one way in which general duties of the main Act
will be discharged – senior managers must lead the way.
• The RA should be a genuine attempt to identify hazards & risks of

injuries/accidents, not a bureaucratic form filling exercise – hence no
prescribed template
WSH (Risk Management) Regulations
Require all employers / principals to

• Conduct risk assessment before starting work
• Take steps to eliminate the risk
• Minimise the risks if they cannot be eliminated
• Inform employees of hazards and control measures
• Maintain records of risk assessment
• Review risk assessment
– Once in 3 years; or
– Accidents happen as a result of exposure to a hazard; or
– Change in work practices or procedures.

Our RM Journey
WSH RM ACOP
Issued 2011
1st revision 2012
bizSAFE RM
Capability Building
Programme
RM RM Review Industry
competency Focus Group Discussion,
Risk Accreditation of RM Training assessment Industry & Public
Assessment providers and Auditors for WSHOs consultations
Guidelines
Sep2005 April 2006 Sep2006 April 2007 Oct 2007 March 2010 Feb2011 March 2012 Feb 2014 May 2014 Sep 2014 Feb 2015
WSH (RM) Regs Review of RM
come into force Framework announced
Role of WSHOs in RM
Risk Management legislated in new WSH
Assistance Fund (WSHOs) Regulations 2nd Revision of RM
(RMAF) ACOP released at
Development of RM compendia WSH awards (yearly) bizSAFE Convention
© 2014 Government of Singapore 2015 9
Our RM Journey – Some Issues Faced

ISSUES RM 2.0
RM is a “paper Effective on-site RM

exercise” implementation
Over-reliance
Driving risk controls
on procedures
upstream
& PPE
RM does not Consideration for

consider human health hazards &
factors human factors
Effective On-Site RM Implementation

Outcome: Work gets done in a safe manner
• Monitor and review effectiveness of risk control
- Seek feedback from users on adequacy and effectiveness of
risk controls
- Ensure that use of risk controls are not in conflict with current
work procedures
- Address any new hazards introduced
• Risk management initiatives communicated to all
stakeholders
• RA documents should be accessible to all stakeholders,
including workers
Effective on-site Moving risk
Holistic RM
implementation controls upstream © 2014 Government of Singapore 11

Outcomes:
• Persons at work are able to articulate:
─ Hazards: What the potential dangers are
─ Precautions: Controls provided to make the job safe
• Risk controls are implemented on ground
• Corporate RM are consistently implemented across
all sites

Holistic

– Accident Case Studies and Learning Points

Holistic
Driving Risk Controls Upstream

Outcome: Reducing Risk at Source
• Apply Hierarchy of Control to
reduce risks at source Elimination
Most
Effective
• The closer to source, the more

Substitution
effective risk reduction is and
least influenced by human error Engineering Control
• A combination of measures is Administrative Measures

generally more effective than
relying on a single control Personal Protective Equipment Least
Effective

Holistic
Elimination of Hazards at Design Stage
• Design for Safety (DfS)

- consideration for safety of builders, users, public and
maintenance personnel at the design stage
• Design Risk Management
- Hazards can be avoided by proper plant design and selection
of machinery and equipment
• Re-design of work task or activities
- Using rotators to rotate ISO-tanks to enable entrance through manhole
from ground
- Provision of conveyer belts for material movement eliminates manual
carrying of materials
Holistic

Substitution examples
• Proactive:
─ Replacing a flammable & toxic raw material with a non-
flammable and less toxic one
• Reactive:
─ Replacing solvent-based cleaning agent with a water-based
one, only after a fire that left an employee with burns

Holistic

Substitution examples
Process, operation, equipment, Substitutes
material
Drop piling Bore piling
Gear drive Belt drive
Metal gear Plastic gear
Roller conveyor Belt conveyor
Asbestos Gypsum board
Benzene Toluene or xylene
Hand tool Ergonomically designed tool
Load cell test O-cell
Raw material in liquid form Raw material in granule form

Holistic

Examples of Engineering Controls
• Acoustic enclosure • Machine guarding
• Local exhaust ventilation • Automatic process
system • Robotic operation
• Containment or enclosed • Radiation shielding
system • Mechanical lifting aids
• Customised working • Limit switch for machinery
platforms for working at
heights

Holistic
implementation controls upstream © 2014 Government of Singapore
Upstream Risk Controls Examples

Holistic
Factors influencing WSH within an Organisation
Environment
Organisation
(Manpower and
workload distribution,
shift work)
Workplace
(Process, operation,
work, equipment,
machinery, workspace)
Within Traditional
Organisation’s Employees RM
control

Our Underlying Assumptions when implementing RM

We assume our employees to be similar in most aspects when we do RA
In reality, our employees are unique individuals with differing physical and
mental capabilities

Holistic
Holistic RM
Environment
Organisation
(Manpower and
workload distribution,
shift work)
Workplace
(Process, operation,
work, equipment,
machinery,
workspace)
Within Holistic RM
Organisation’s Employees
influence

Consideration for Human and Other Factors

Individual Job Organisation Wider context
• Physical fitness • Work shift design • Workload • Weather conditions

• Medical condition • Physical working • Training • Legislation
• Competency environment • Work instructions requirements
• Equipment design design • State of economy
and condition
Example: Example: Example: Example:

Employees who are on Equipment with poorly Excessive overtime New employees from
drowsy medication are designed control and work may cause temperate countries
not as alert, hence it display may result in employees to be are more prone to heat
would be dangerous if employees activating fatigued, compromising strain if they are not
they were to operate the wrong controls, their ability to respond acclimatised to working
machinery or causing damage to to emergency outdoors under the hot
equipment. machinery or giving rise situations. sun.
to accidents.

Holistic RM: Examples

Organisational Factors: Workload Management (Fatigue)
• Worker resting on ground of open yard was run over by a seven-
tonne forklift.
- Driver did not notice the worker was in his path
- both worker and forklift driver had been working beyond 14 hours that day.
- Forklift driver had worked beyond 20 hours on two separate days the week
before.
• Long working hours induced fatigue in workers and forklift driver
had reduced alertness
• Employer may put in place:
- policy on workload management to prevent workers’ fatigue
- appointment of multi-functional team to implement Fatigue
Management plan.
Holistic
Holistic RM: Examples

Human Factors
• Delivery driver with poorly managed diabetes may develop
complications such as blurred vision, impaired senses
– May compromise driver’s ability to respond to dangerous situations on the
road, posing a hazard to other drivers, passengers, pedestrians, including
themselves.
– Not a problem if diabetes is under control
• Employers can put in place health programmes to help employees
manage their health
– Allowing medical service provider to offer optional detailed medical
screening services at corporate rates to employees
– Provide healthier food options at the staff canteen
– Encourage off-the-job health and safety

Holistic
Key Changes to RM ACOP
• Principles of RM
• Review of Risk Assessment
• Moving Risk Controls Upstream
• Risk Evaluation for Health Hazards
• Consideration for Human and Other Factors
• HR Manager’s Role

Principles of RM
• RM is an integral part of organisational
work processes
• Customised and tailored to organisation
• Contributes to achievement of
organisation’s objectives
• Improves performance of business, WSH
compliance and environmental
protection.
• Takes into account human factors,
recognises capabilities of persons and
personal risk factors
Process of RM
• Form team
Preparation • Gather relevant information
• Identify tasks of each process
• Hazard identification
Risk
• Risk analysis
Assessment • Risk evaluation
Communication
• Obtain employer’s or management’s approval
• Implement risk control measures
Risk Control • Communicate hazards identified and their controls
• Regular audits or inspections
• Made available upon request

Record-keeping • Kept for at least 3 years
Review • Monitoring and review on a regular basis

Review of Risk Assessment
• RA must be reviewed
– Once every 3 years
– Upon any accident, incident, near miss or
dangerous occurrence
– Change in work practices or procedures
– New information on WSH risks

Moving Risk Controls Upstream

• Control of risk at source, follow Elimination
Most
Effective
the Hierarchy of Control.

• Elimination of hazard should Substitution
take precedence, where Engineering Control

feasible.
• Where elimination is not Administrative Measures
feasible, measures should be
Personal Protective Equipment
taken to reduce risk in this Least
Effective
order: substitution, engineering

controls, administrative
measures and personal
protection.
Combination of
control measures
Risk Evaluation for Health Hazards
• RM must consider health hazards

• Relevant risk factors are to be considered for
different health hazards
– Chemicals: intrinsic properties, scale and
frequency of use, routes of exposure, exposure
concentration, exposure duration, exposure
frequency
– Ergo: Weight of force/load, repetition/frequency
of motion, posture, vibration, direct pressure on
body parts/contact stress, environment
temperature © 2014 Government of Singapore 31

Health Hazard Risk Factors
Noise Exposure level (sound pressure level)
Frequency of sound
Duration of exposure
Frequency of exposure
Chemicals Intrinsic hazard of the chemical (e.g. carcinogenicity,
mutagenicity, etc)
Physical and chemical properties
Scale and frequency of use
Routes of exposure
Exposure concentration
Exposure duration
Frequency of exposure


Biological agents Intrinsic hazard of microorganism (pathogenicity)
Virulence
Host range
Viability of micro-organism
Amount of microorganisms present at point of
exposure
Mode of transmission
Routes of infection
Ergonomics-related Weight of load/force
factors Repetition/Frequency of motion
Posture (static, awkward, etc)
Direct pressure on body parts / contact stress
Vibration
Temperature of the environment


Heat Temperature
Humidity
Amount of direct sun exposure/ radiant heat
Intensity of physical work
Physical exhaustion
Type of clothing
Un-acclimatized person/ duration of acclimatization
Susceptible individuals (cardiovascular disease,
impaired renal function, obesity, alcohol & drug
abuse, dehydration)

• Exposure assessments should be conducted to

estimate employees’ exposure to health
hazards
– Conducted by competent persons using
recognised methods, acceptable standard
procedures and standard calibrated equipment
• Exposure estimates compared with
established Permissible Exposure Levels (PELs)

• Where there are large number of workers, they can be

divided into Similar Exposure Groups (SEG) for more efficient
exposure assessment
– Divide workers by process or areas of work

Example: Excessive Noise
e.g. Machine Step 1: Hazard Identification

noise
Step 2: Exposure Assessment Step 3: Hazard Characterization
Average
e.g. Leq 8hr = 93
Noise Risk of NID
dBA Exposure (%)
Leq 8hr > 85 dBA (dBA)
Exposure is excessive Step 4: Risk Characterization 80 1
85 8
Sound Pressure Duration per day 90 25
Level (dBA)
Step 5: Risk Control
85 8 hours
88 4 hours
91 2 hours
Step 6: Documentation
94 1 hour
97 30 minutes
& Communication
100 15 minutes © 2014 Government of Singapore 37

Human factors can affect the likelihood that the hazard may
cause injury / ill-health
• Work organisational factors, such as
─ Excessive workload
─ Prolonged working hours
─ Lack of adequate training
─ Inadequate acclimatisation
• Individual health risk factors, such as
─ Consider key attributes, from health assessments or medical
examinations or other sources, required for safety critical tasks
or high risk work activities
─ Individual susceptibility to certain health risks
─ Smoking as a risk factor for many diseases
─ Alcohol misuse © 2014 Government of Singapore 38

Other work- Examples
related factors
proximity of Stamping machines are noisy. Workers doing assembly work
hazardous beside the stamping machines are also exposed to
activities to one excessive noise.
another
incompatibility of Hot work and spray painting are incompatible and can lead
work activities to fire if they are carried out near to each other.
non-routine work Non-routine activities such as maintenance and shut downs

activities and may have additional hazards, compared to routine work.
situations
environmental Working outdoors during adverse environmental conditions
conditions such as haze, may pose respiratory problems for workers.

Case Study
• Outdoor work and haze

1. Identify susceptible employees
2. Identify types of outdoor work to be reduced when
there is a haze situation
3. Determine criteria for restricting outdoor work
4. Conduct respirator fit testing for employees who need
to work outdoors
5. Ensure sufficient stock of suitable respirators
6. Improve efficiency of air cleaning devices
7. Implement haze communication system between
employer and employees.

Role of Human Resource Manager*

• Recruit suitable candidates able to meet both position
requirements and WSH obligations
• Ensure employees given appropriate and sufficient
orientation and WSH training
• Support employer to ensure effective RM
communications to all employees and consider WSH
outcomes in appraisals
• Put in place programmes that support and maintain
employees’ safety, health and wellbeing
*In the absence of a HR Manager in the organisation, the equivalent person undertaking
such a work profile of the HR Manager should execute the duties mentioned above

In Summary
Effective on-site
implementation
Enhanced
Moving risk
controls Risk Management
upstream (RM 2.0)
Holistic

Holistic
Thank You!

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A Great Workforce A Great Workplace

Risk Management 2.0

© 2014 Government of Singapore 2

© 2014 Government of Singapore 3

Workplace Fatality Rates, 2004-2014

© 2014 Government of Singapore 4

What is Risk Management?

Step 1: Hazard Identification

Step 2: Likelihood Step 3: Consequences

Step 4: Risk Characterization

Step 5: Risk Control

Step 6: Documentation & Communication

© 2014 Government of Singapore 5

Risk Management Strategies

WSH (Risk Management) Regulations

• Regulations require every workplace, the employer, self-employed

• The RA should be a genuine attempt to identify hazards & risks of

WSH (Risk Management) Regulations

Require all employers / principals to

© 2014 Government of Singapore 8

Our RM Journey – Some Issues Faced

RM is a “paper Effective on-site RM

RM does not Consideration for

Effective On-Site RM Implementation

Effective On-Site RM Implementation

Effective on-site Moving risk

Effective On-Site RM Implementation

Effective on-site Moving risk

Driving Risk Controls Upstream

• The closer to source, the more

• A combination of measures is Administrative Measures

Effective on-site Moving risk

Elimination of Hazards at Design Stage

• Design for Safety (DfS)

Driving Risk Controls Upstream

Effective on-site Moving risk

Driving Risk Controls Upstream

Effective on-site Moving risk

Driving Risk Controls Upstream

Effective on-site Moving risk

Upstream Risk Controls Examples

Effective on-site Moving risk

Factors influencing WSH within an Organisation

© 2014 Government of Singapore 20

Our Underlying Assumptions when implementing RM

Effective on-site Moving risk

© 2014 Government of Singapore 22

Consideration for Human and Other Factors

• Physical fitness • Work shift design • Workload • Weather conditions

Example: Example: Example: Example:

© 2014 Government of Singapore 23

Holistic RM: Examples

Holistic RM: Examples

Effective on-site Moving risk

Key Changes to RM ACOP

© 2014 Government of Singapore 26

• Made available upon request

Review • Monitoring and review on a regular basis

© 2014 Government of Singapore 28

Review of Risk Assessment

© 2014 Government of Singapore 29

Moving Risk Controls Upstream

the Hierarchy of Control.